Probiotics are Nonpathogenic microorganisms that are beneficial to one's nutritional health and are usually found in certain foods or supplements. They are typically bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Leuconostocmesenteroides, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Bacillus, and Enterococcus faecium but can also be Yeast and molds. Probiotics help to maintain a healthy balance of gut microflora, which is important for digestion and overall health. They can also help with conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), allergies, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and even mental health issues. Probiotics may also play a role in preventing and treating other conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), vaginal yeast infections, skin conditions like eczema, and even the common cold. Probiotics are involved in things like food digestion, the production of beneficial substances to eliminate harmful microbes, completing the roles of the digestive enzymes that were either not produced or had defects in their genes, maintaining the pH of the digestive system, and other things. Probiotics will improve the performance of our digestive system's biological fermenters (Ghoshal et al. 2022;Song et al 2023;Su et al. 2022). Prebiotics like FOS, GOS, XOS, inulin, and fructans are the most popular fibers that, when combined with probiotics, are known as synbiotics and can increase the viability of the probiotics. Numerous authors have discussed the development of probiotics, their history, and their various uses for them. In this review, we will primarily concentrate on three issues: health improvement, infection prevention, and disease management, all of which can be prevented by using various probiotics either directly or in foods.
Our earth is composed of five different elements named air, water, fire, earth, and space. Most of the resources which have been supporting our lives, directly and indirectly, are now polluted due to various human activities which are resulted due to various societal advancements like rapid industrialization, population, etc. to name a few. Among all these, the pollution which has taken place due to these activities in turn has received notable research cognizance. The quality of water is judged by different parameters namely, physical, chemical, and biological. This study deals with the determination of the quality of water from two different point sources (industrial sewage (referred to as point source 1), and domestic sewage (referred to as point source 2)) through the determination of water quality indicators. The various quality indicators adopted in this study dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sulphates, chlorides, phosphates, total solid (TS), total soluble solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The result obtained from these experiments was thought-provoking and indicated that the quality of the water specimens used in this study was far below the standards. The possible cause might be due to the various activities detailed earlier. The authors truly believe that this present scheme of work will be helpful to a spectrum of stakeholders which will indeed be helpful for decision-making by various national and international agencies.
Tea is a very common beverage that is consumed around the world. Consumption of tea has huge health benefits as it contains a wide spectrum of phytochemicals. Tea is consumed in various forms like black tea, green tea, jasmine tea, etc. India is considered a major producer and exporter of tea in the world. It has been reported in the literature that on average within every two kilometers in India you will find a tea stall. The tea in such stalls is mainly served in plastic cups, paper cups, and earthen cups. Moreover, a gigantic volume of spent tea leaves is generated as a result of the preparation of tea. In context to that, it may be corroborated that, a huge chunk of solid waste is being generated from such small tea shops which in turn has no practical applications. Such wastes also face serious issues related to their storage, management, and disposal. Accordingly, to put an insight into the volume of such tea waste generated; a small case study was conducted as a part of this project. We went to ten different small tea stalls of Ramgarh cantt and carried out a small survey to determine the various amount of waste generated by these shops on a daily basis. The results obtained from the survey were thought-provoking. It was noted that most of these solid wastes were practically not recycled and are simply dumped into various dump yards. Thus, the extended aim of the study was aimed toward the identification of various routes for the valorization of the various wastes generated from these tea stalls in the form of spent tea leaves and various types of containers used for serving the tea. The proposed scheme of work will definitely help in promoting environmental security and accordingly, will be beneficial to the various stakeholders.
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