Aerobic exercise is an increasing trend worldwide. However, people are increasingly exercising outdoors, alongside roadways where heavy vehicles release diesel exhaust. We analyzed respiratory effects caused by inhaled diesel particulate emitted by vehicles adhering to Brazilian legislation, PROCONVE Phase P7 (equivalent to EURO 5), as well the effects of exposure during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups for a 4-week treadmill protocol: CE (n=8) received intranasal sterile physiological saline and then performed moderate-intensity exercise (control), CS (n=10) received saline and then remained stationary on the treadmill (control), DS (n=9) received intranasal diesel exhaust particles and then remained stationary, and DE (n=10) was exposed to diesel exhaust and then exercised at moderate intensity. Mice were subsequently connected to a mechanical ventilator (SCIREQ{copyright, serif} flexiVent®, Canada) to analyze the following respiratory mechanics parameters: tissue resistance, elastance, inspiratory capacity, static compliance, Newtonian resistance, and pressure-volume loop area. After euthanasia, peripheral pulmonary tissue strips were extracted and subjected to force-length tests to evaluate parenchymal elastic and mechanical properties, using oscillations applied by a computer-controlled force transducer system; parameters obtained were tissue resistance, elastance, and hysteresivity. DS displayed impaired respiratory mechanics for all parameters, in comparison to CS. DE exhibited significantly reduced inspiratory capacity and static compliance, and increased Newtonian resistance when compared to CE. Exposure to diesel exhaust, both during exercise and rest, still exerts harmful pulmonary effects, even at current legislation limits. These results justify further changes in environmental standards, to reduce the health risks caused by traffic-related pollution.
). Palavras-Chave► AIDS ► HIV ► síndrome consumptiva ► perda de peso ► massa muscular ► whey protein ► exercício ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a literatura científica disponível sobre a utilização do whey protein (WP) no tratamento da síndrome consumptiva do HIV. Bases de dados completas da PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, na sigla em inglês), Scielo, ScienceDirect, EuropePubMedCentral, LILACS (BIREME) e BVSalud foram avaliadas, e buscas foram realizadas utilizando combinações entre os seguintes termos: whey protein, síndrome consumptiva, HIV e massa muscular, em inglês, português e espanhol. Três artigos foram identificados para análise; um artigo foi publicado na revista AIDS, um no BMJ, e o terceiro no American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. As três pesquisas foram quantitativas (100%), com um total de 407 participantes (média de participantes ¼ 135,7). Os voluntários de estudo foram, em sua maioria, do sexo feminino (60,7% do total), e não eram portadores de outras doenças crônicas causadoras de consumo proteico, nem usuários de tratamentos de efeito anabólico. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em dois países diferentes, Estados Unidos (n ¼ 2) e Etiópia (n ¼ 1). Um estudo avaliou os efeitos de WP isoladamente, um comparou os efeitos do WP com os do exercício físico, isoladamente, e com uma associação entre WP e exercício, e o terceiro comparou WP à proteína da soja. As principais variáveis investigadas foram peso corporal (n ¼ 3), massa celular corpórea (n ¼ 2), massa livre de gordura ou massa magra (n ¼ 3), massa de gordura (n ¼ 2), e força muscular (n ¼ 2). Dois estudos ainda avaliaram alguns parâmetros imunológicos, como CD4þ (n ¼ 2) e carga viral (n ¼ 1). Os estudos demonstraram que o WP pode levar a ganho de peso, mas não possui efeito significativo sobre massa muscular na síndrome consumptiva do HIV. AbstractThe aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review of the available scientific literature regarding the use of whey protein (WP) in the management of HIV wasting syndrome. The following scientific repositories were searched: PubMed/
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