The M w 5.8 Awajishima earthquake occurred on 13 April 2013 in southwest Awaji Island, ∼25 km southwest of the epicenter of the 1996 M w 6.8 Kobe earthquake, southwest Japan. Analyses of aerial photographs and 3D perspective images, field investigations, and structural analysis of fault rocks reveal that: (1) a previously undocumented fault, here called the Yamada fault, strikes northwest-southeast and dips southwest at 86°along a topographic lineament at the geological boundary between Mesozoic granitic rocks and the late PlioceneQuaternary Osaka Group composed of interbedded sandstone and mudstone; (2) the main shear zone of the Yamada fault consists of a fault core with a < 10 cm wide zone of fault gouge (generally 1-5 cm), a fault breccia zone of < 100 cm wide, and a damage zone of 10-50 m wide, composed of cataclastic rocks and fractures; (3) foliations characterized by S-C fabrics that have developed in the shear zone indicate a dominantly thrust fault sense, consistent with that revealed by the focal mechanism; and (4) coseismic surface ruptures occurred locally along the main trace of the Yamada fault, consisting of numerous short fissures ranging in length from centimeters to several meters and concentrated in a zone < 5 m wide. Our findings show that the newly identified Yamada fault is an active fault and that it is probably the fault on which the 2013 M w 5.8 Awajishima earthquake occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a fault model to better understand the deformation characteristics of the seismogenic source fault and for reassessing the seismic hazards on the densely populated Awaji Island of southwest Japan.
t is well known that blood pressure (BP) is a variable that changes physiologically during the day because of a nyctohemeral (day-night) variability. [1][2][3][4][5] Nevertheless, clinicians still continue to compare its values to the fixed standards given by JNC-VI 6 and by WHO/ISH Guidelines 7 in their 'ad hoc' reports. Methodologically, this is an error. Endocrinologists would make the same error if they returned to comparing the morning or evening cortisol values to fixed limits of reference.It is also well known that the BP within-day variability physiologically represents a biological rhythm within an oscillatory period of about 24 h. [8][9][10][11] Nevertheless, clinicians still continue to ignore this phenomenon in approaching the 24-h BP pattern in practice. Methodologically, this is another error. Endocrinologists would make the same error if they did not exploit cortisol circadian variability for clinical purposes.These 2 errors arise from the fundamental problem of how to standardize 24-h BP values, especially now that technically-validated automated devices are available for its noninvasive ambulatory monitoring. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] These recorders are officially accepted [23][24][25][26][27] and recognized clinically in their supremacy to casual sphygmomanometry. [28][29][30][31] Obviously, in order to eliminate the first error, clinicians need reference standards in which the circadian limits of BP are qualified. Additionally, in order to eliminate the second error, clinicians need reference standards for the parameters of the BP circadian rhythm. The present study attempts to overcome both errors by presenting the procedure that was followed in order to obtain the reference standards in normal Japanese subjects for BP within-day and the circadian rhythmicity.Jpn Circ J 1999; 63: 744 -751 (Received February 10, 1999; revised manuscript received June 9, 1999; accepted June 29, 1999) ¶ Principal Investigator of ABPM Research Group (MHW-63C-6). The aim of this study was to demonstrate that blood pressure (BP) has to be standardized according to its circadian variability, including the properties shown in its circadian rhythm. The BP time-qualified standards were derived from a sample of 644 clinically healthy normotensive Japanese subjects (320 males, 324 females; age range, 18-93 years), stratified by age-group and gender, who underwent noninvasive ambulatory monitoring according to a fixed protocol. The monitored data series shows that BP exhibits a within-day variability at any age of life in both males and females. Additionally, the monitored data series shows that BP exhibits a significant circadian rhythm at any age of life in both males and females. The age-and sex-related reference limits for the BP within-day variability constitute the time-qualified standards against which both the casual and monitored BP measurements can be compared in order to detect whether or not they are compatible with normotension. The reference limits for the BP circadian rhythm repre...
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) of peripartum successfully treated with magnesium sulfate
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