Most agriculture research is focused on the production side, in particular crop production and livestock, and less with the consumption side and nutrition needs. Global agriculture governance is characterized by the multitude of actors involved in this issue area, ranging from governments to intergovernmental organizations, farmer organizations, transnational agri-business corporations, research and civil society organizations. Within this group of actors, the private sector has demonstrated to have increasing voice and power in determining agricultural policies and the rules that govern them, including through the creation of (public-) private mechanisms (Clapp and Fuchs 2009). There are multiple norms, rules, etc. governing agriculture, including soft law agreements (voluntary, nonlegally binding) such as the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that respect rights, livelihoods and resources (PRAI) (2009). Soft law agreements also include several declarations and statements by the different organizations, calling for actions, announcing commitments, or just creating awareness (e.g. Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security-2009 (FAO 2009a) or the G8 L'Aquila Joint Statement on Global Food Security (G8 2009)). As for hard law, several Multilateral Environmental Agreements' (MEAs) decisions or resolutions have an effect on agriculture, such as the agreement to reduce and phase out methyl bromide 8 under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, or those related to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and decisions are also legally binding and have direct repercussions on agriculture. These include the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS). 1.2.2. Global forest governance (GFG) The role that forests play in terms of cultural values, livelihoods, climate change, protecting water sources and biodiversity, energy sources, etc., is key for many countries and the world as a whole (Agrawal, Chhatre, and Hardin 2008: 1462, FAO 2015, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005b). A large amount of literature has addressed Global Forest Governance. However, there is disagreement on the failure or success of GFG in generating commitments, action and results on the ground, which materialize in achieving sustainable forest management (SFM) and reducing deforestation and forest degradation at the national level (Arts and Babili 2013). Despite these differences, critics agree on two things: a multiplicity and diversity of actors are involved in GFG, and there are a wide array of norms, rules, laws, addressing forests. This makes GFG a very complex issue, which has resulted in a 12 promoting certification schemes and influencing consumer behaviour (Agrawal, Chhatre, and Hardin 2008). The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one of them. FSC certifies that forests have been managed responsibly (FSC 2015b). International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have also been an important act...
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