Beta-cryptoxanthin (b-Cr) is a pro-vitamin A and one of the major carotenoids that can be commonly found in mammalian serum and tissues. Foods rich in certain fatty acids are known to be effective to gain a healthy immune system. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of b-Cr on rabbit humoral and cellular immune responses to have a better vision about the mechanism of effect of carotenoids on immune system. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (4 per group): Groups consisted of: 1) control group (normal saline; 2) b-Cr (control); 3) vaccine control; 4) 5 mg/kg b-Cr o.p. + vaccine; 5) 10 mg/kg b-Cr o.p. + vaccine. Blood samples were obtained from the marginal ear artery at three time points: days 0, 14 and 21 of the study. Blood CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and Serum Immunoglobulin and Cytokines content were evaluated. Results show that b-Cr administration increased the blood CD4+ lymphocytes count (P > 0.01). Serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels increased (P > 0.05) following b-Cr administration. b-Cr treatment increased serum IL-4 levels (P > 0.05). According to presented results, b-Cr may increase the humoral immunity in mammals. So, it would possible has a potentially beneficial effect on health and on prevention of the immunity related diseases.
Background: Over the last decades, the exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) has increased due to the wide application in industry, food adduct, medicine, cosmetic products, etc. Literature review showed that the TiO 2 NPs exert toxic effects on several organs. Methods: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and the other databases with the following keywords, "titanium dioxide nanoparticle", "TiO 2 NPs", "myocardial infarction", "endothelial", "blood pressure", "heart" and "cardiovascular", and reviewed the literature by focusing on the toxic effects of TiO 2 NPs on the cardiovascular system, and possible underlying mechanism. Results: The toxic effects of TiO 2 NPs on the cardiovascular system are controversial but some possible mechanisms were proposed. TiO 2 NPs and nanoparticle-derived titanium induce cardiac injury, endothelial dysfunction and increase blood pressure and heart rate. These effects are mediated via systemic or local oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion:The TiO 2 NPs toxicity is dependent on cell type and particle characteristic, and the controversial results may be due to these variables. However, a growing body of evidence confirmed the possible TiO 2 NPs toxicity on the cardiovascular system.
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