To examine the association between colonization by two newly classified species of genital ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma parvum and U. urealyticum) in early pregnancy and subsequent late abortion or preterm birth at <34 weeks of gestation, four species of genital mycoplasmas-Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum-as well as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined by PCR-based methods in a prospective cohort study of 877 women with singleton pregnancies at <11 weeks of gestation. Antibiotics were used only in cases in which C. trachomatis and/or N. gonorrhoeae was detected. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis was used to assess independent risk factors after taking maternal low body weight and past history of preterm birth into account. M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. parvum, U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae were detected in 0.8%, 11.2%, 52.0%, 8.7%, 3.2%, and 0.1% of these 877 women, respectively. Twenty-one (2.4%) women experienced late abortion or preterm birth at <34 weeks of gestation. Preterm birth and low birth weight are the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the developed world. More than 60% of the mortality among infants without anatomic or chromosomal defects can be attributed to low birth weight (20). Ascending genital tract infections contribute to up to 50% of premature deliveries, particularly those occurring before 30 weeks of gestation (4, 15). Moreover, the rate of neonatal complications has been shown to be higher in neonates born to women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity than born to those women without infection (10).Genital mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium, and Ureaplasma spp., are suspected of contributing to a number of pathological conditions. M. hominis was isolated from the amniotic fluid in 30% of 404 women with intraamniotic infection (21) and was shown to be associated with preterm birth at Ͻ33 weeks of gestation (23). M. genitalium was suggested to cause urethritis in men (11) and mucopurulent cervicitis in women (16), but its association with preterm birth has not been studied extensively. Ureaplasma has been implicated in infertility, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight, and perinatal morbidity and mortality (3). Vaginal colonization with Ureaplasma has not been associated with preterm birth (3), while the presence of Ureaplasma in the amniotic fluid is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments (24) and subsequent preterm birth (7). It is not known why this microorganism invades the amniotic cavity only in some women despite heavy colonization of the vagina by Ureaplasma.Recently, the species previously classified as Ureaplasma urealyticum was separated into two new species: U. parvum (previously U. urealyticum biovar 1) and U. urealyticum (previously U. urealyticum biovar 2) (14, 19). Therefore, U. urealyticum organisms examined in previous studies (3, 7, 24) may have included both U. p...

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The impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the genital tract during pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes is not understood fully. A real-time PCR assay was used to determine vaginal shedding of CMV in 993 healthy pregnant Japanese women and the results were compared with the outcome of pregnancy. CMV DNA was detected in 76 (7.7%) of the women. The outcome of pregnancy could be determined finally in 848 women, of whom 60 (7.1%) were CMV positive. The carriers of CMV had an increased miscarriage rate (RR 6.96, 95% CI 2.04-23.84, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that latent genital tract CMV infection predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

We report a 32-year-old woman (1-gravid, 1-para) with a vesicular lesion in her uterus that was pointed out on ultrasound at 8 weeks' gestation. Amniocentesis at 15 weeks' gestation showed a normal female karyotype, 46XX. As the pregnancy advanced, the mole-like lesion became relatively reduced. Throughout gestation, the maternal human chorionic gonadotropin level was normal, but the serum alpha fetoprotein level rose as her pregnancy progressed. Her fetus did not exhibit any remarkable anomalies. The patient visited our hospital complaining of a diminished feeling of fetal movements at 36 weeks 5 days' gestation, and intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) was confirmed. She delivered a 2336-g female without any definite anomalies. A pathological examination led to a diagnosis of placental mesenchymal dysplasia, and androgenetic/biparental mosaicism in the placenta was identified using p57kip2 immunohistochemical staining. And it also revealed that the rupture of the cirsoid chorionic vessels had led to IUFD.

Conflict of InterestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Key messageIsolated gestational proteinuria (IGP), defined as protein:creatinine ratio > 0.27 mg/mg (30 mg/mmol) in the absence of hypertension, is a prominent risk factor for developing preeclampsia (relative risk, 13.1 compared to women without IGP). AbstractIntroduction: Some pregnant women develop significant proteinuria in the absence of hypertension. However, clinical significance of isolated gestational proteinuria (IGP) is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IGP in singleton pregnancies and the proportion of women with IGP who subsequently developed preeclampsia (IGP-PE) among all PE cases.

Enhanced thrombin generation was involved in the decrease in AT activity. AT activity can decrease in the absence of thrombocytopenia. The liver dysfunction that was seen in cases with severely depressed AT activity may have resulted from impairments in liver perfusion caused by microthromboses generated as a result of the relative lack of AT and/or the shortage of circulating plasma in women with reduced AT activities.

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Introduction. It is unclear whether hysterotomy closure techniques can affect niche development. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of singlelayer and double-layer interrupted closures of hysterotomy incisions during primary cesarean section on the formation of uterine niches. Material and methods. A prospective cohort study of women undergoing primary cesarean section was performed between June 2011 and July 2014. Saline contrast sonohysterography was used to measure the niche depth and residual myometrium. The ratio of the niche depth to the sum of the niche depth and residual myometrium thickness (niche ratio) was calculated. Results. Niches were identified in 14/58 (24.1%) women with single-layer sutures and 55/209 (26.3%) women with double-layer sutures (p = 0.74). Single-layer closure was associated with more than a five-fold increase in the odds of a niche ratio ≥0.4 (odds ratio 5.59; 95% CI 1.71-18.28). Conclusion. Single-layer closure may be associated with an increased risk of larger niches (niche ratio ≥0.4), although it may not increase the overall frequency of niche formation.