Background: West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a variety of symptoms in human, from asymptomatic infection to neuroinvasive disease. Several studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of WNV infection in different areas from Iran. This study was performed to find the presence of antiviral antibodies in human serum among some high risk population and awareness of health care staff about symptom of the WNV infection. Methods: Study performed in five geographical districts based on high population of immigrant and domestic birds and prevalence of the antiviral antibodies in horses which was reported previously. Totally 150 human blood samples were collected during 2018. The samples collected from patients referred to the clinics. The ELISA method used to detect IgG and IgM antibody against WNV. Logistic regression models used to analyze the effect of sex, age, keeping birds and urban/rural residence on the risk of infection. The awareness of health care staff about symptom of infection surveyed. Results: From all blood donors, 41 samples (27.33%) showed positive to IgG antibody. From which 56.10% were males and remaining females. None of the mentioned factors had a significant relationship. Health care staff had less attention to the infection. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of antibodies was relatively high, due to the similarity to other viral diseases, health care staff had less attention to the disease. The study showed that people in these areas have been exposed to the virus. Further research activities are recommended for control of this arbovirus.
Objective Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with an incidence of one million people annually worldwide. Iran has many important fuci for this disease which Leishmania major and L. tropica cause. However, this study aimed to investigate Zoonotic and environmental factors in the spread of leishmaniasis in the city of Shiraz, southern Iran with a phylogenetic inference of Leishmania by examining the infection of patients and vectors with Leishmania parasite based on molecular datasets of kDNA and ITS2 genes. Methods Sand flies were caught using sticky paper traps indoors (bedrooms, bathrooms, storage rooms, etc.) and outdoors. Twenty samples of human lesions were also examined. Leishmania infection was evaluated by PCR of kinetoplast (k) DNA. Subsequently, parasite species identification was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer two (ITS2) gene. Results All Phylogenetic reconstruction based on Bayesian, UPGMA, and Neighbor-Joining methods revealed sequences of Leishmania parasites infecting patients and sand-fly species were clustered into two main monophyletic clades of L. major and L. tropica. The overall infection rate of sand flies (pools) with Leishmania DNA was 72.5%, and the Mean diversity within L. major clade was 0.01. Conclusions A new focus on ACL and ZCL is reported in the tourist city of Shiraz. Human interference in the environment, such as habitat destruction, housing in orchards and foothills, and other health factors, have caused the emergence of both diseases in this area which need to be considered for a survival health program.
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