BackgroundMasai Barefoot Technology (MBT, Switzerland) produce footwear which they claim simulate walking barefoot on soft undulating ground. This paper reports an investigation into the effect of MBT sandals on the motion of the ankle and subtalar joint complex during walking.MethodsRange of motion data was collected in the sagittal, frontal and transverse plane from the ankle and subtalar joint complex from 32 asymptomatic subjects using the CODA MPX30 motion analysis system during both barefoot walking and walking in the MBT sandal. Shod and un-shod data were compared using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.ResultsA significantly greater range of motion in the frontal and sagittal planes was recorded when walking in the MBT sandal (p = 0.031, and p = 0.015 respectively). In the transverse plane, no significant difference was found (p = 0.470).ConclusionsMBT sandals increase the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joint complex in the frontal and sagittal planes. MBT footwear could therefore have a role to play in the management of musculoskeletal disorders where an increase in frontal and sagittal plane range of motion is desirable.

BackgroundThere are an estimated 125,000 deaf people in the UK who use British Sign Language (BSL) as their main form of communication, but there are no child mental health screening instruments that are accessible to deaf children whose first or main language is BSL (or to deaf adults reporting on children). This study sought to develop a new BSL translation of a commonly used mental health screening tool (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ), with versions available for deaf young people (aged 11–16 years), parents and teachers. The psychometric properties of this translation, and its validity for use with the deaf signing UK population, were also investigated.Objectives(1) To translate the SDQ into BSL; and (2) to use this new version with a cohort of deaf children, deaf parents and deaf teachers fluent in BSL across England, and validate it against a ‘gold standard’ clinical interview.MethodsThis study was split into two broad phases: translation and validation. The BSL SDQ was developed using a rigorous translation/back-translation methodology with additional checks, and we have defined high-quality standards for the translation of written/oral to visual languages. We compared all three versions of the SDQ (deaf parent, deaf teacher and deaf young person) with a gold standard clinical interview by child mental health clinicians experienced in working with deaf children. We also carried out a range of reliability and validity checks.ResultsThe SDQ was successfully translated using a careful methodology that took into account the linguistic and cultural aspects of translating a written/verbal language to a visual one. We recruited 144 deaf young people (aged 11–16 years), 191 deaf parents of a child aged either 4–10 or 11–16 years (the child could be hearing or deaf) and 77 deaf teachers and teaching assistants. We sought deaf people whose main or preferred language was BSL. We also recruited hearing participants to aid cross-validation. We found that the test–retest reliability, factor analysis and internal consistency of the three new scales were broadly similar to those of other translated versions of the SDQ. We also found that using the established multi-informant SDQ scoring algorithm there was good sensitivity (76%) and specificity (73%) against the gold standard clinical interview assessment. The SDQ was successfully validated and can now be used in clinical practice and research. Factor analysis suggests that the instrument is good for screening for mental health problems but not for the identification of specific disorders, and so should be used as a screening instrument. It will also enable outcomes to be monitored.ConclusionsA BSL version of the SDQ can now be used for national studies screening for mental health problems in deaf children. This will help us better understand the needs of deaf children and will enable earlier detection of mental health difficulties. It can also be used within clinical settings to monitor outcomes.Future workFuture work may focus on using the SDQ in epidemiological research, and developing new assessment instruments for deaf children to improve assessment methods in the deaf population.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

COVID-19 led to the widespread withdrawal of face-to-face hospital-based clinical placements, with many medical schools switching to online learning. This precipitated concern about potential negative impact on clinical and interprofessional skill acquisition. To overcome this problem, we piloted a 12-week COVID-19 safe face-to-face clinical placement for 16 medical students at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 infection control measures necessitated that students remained in ‘social bubbles’ for placement duration. This facilitated an apprenticeship-style teaching approach, integrating students into the clinical team for placement duration. Team-based learning was adopted to develop and deliver content. Teaching comprised weekly seminars, experiential ward-based attachments and participation in quality improvement and research projects. The taught content was evaluated through qualitative feedback, reflective practice, and pre-apprenticeship and post-apprenticeship confidence questionnaires across 17 domains. Students’ confidence improved in 14 of 17 domains (p<0.05). Reflective practice indicated that students valued the apprenticeship model, preferring the longer clinical attachment to existent shorter, fragmented clinical placements. Students described improved critical thinking, group cohesion, teamwork, self-confidence, self-worth and communication skills. This article describes a framework for the safe and effective delivery of a longer face-to-face apprenticeship-based clinical placement during an infectious disease pandemic. Longer apprenticeship-style attachments have hidden benefits to general professional training, which should be explored by medical schools both during the COVID-19 pandemic and, possibly, for any future clinical placements.

Background: Looked after children in residential children's homes constitute a particularly vulnerable group who are known to have high rates of mental health problems and limited access to services. Method: A survey was undertaken in Leeds to determine what proportion of these children are involved with mental health services, and to look at the different ways in which child and adolescent mental health services across the city are currently working with this group. Results: Of the 177 children in residential children's homes in August 2000, 64% had had some contact with child mental health services in the previous 5 years and 27% were in current contact. Thirty‐six percent had had no contact with services over the past five years. Conclusions: It was anticipated from a review of the literature that a higher proportion of children would have been currently in contact with services. The findings suggest that the pattern of services offered to this group of children is changing, with an increase in consultation with, and training of, staff in residential children's homes. The paper ends with a discussion of whether or not this is a positive change and how CAMH resources might best be utilised in the future.

Long waiting listsare a common problem in child and adolescent mental health services. We describe how referrals to the service in York are considered and allocated by a multi-disciplinary team. The criteria tor allocation to different professionals and specialist teams are described and data representing a snapshot of referrals and response rate over a three-month period presented, showing that most referrals are seen within two months. We postulate that consideration of referrals in this way is an effective and efficient way of running a service.

A new model for a community mental health service for children and young people aged 0-18 years is described. This has been formulated after multi-level consultation including extensive user/carer involvement. The proposed model is multidisciplinary and integrated with multiagency provision, with smooth access onto and through care pathways. This model brings voluntary and statutory agencies into an integrated collaboration. It reinforces that social and emotional development and psychological functioning is everybody's business and creates conditions where a child's needs can be addressed on a day-to-day basis rather than through a "clinic-based model".

Functional imaging studies of neurologically intact adults have demonstrated that the right posterior cerebellum is activated during verb generation, semantic processing, sentence processing, and verbal fluency. Studies of patients with cerebellar damage converge to show that the cerebellum supports sentence processing and verbal fluency. However, to date there are no patient studies that investigated the specific importance of the right posterior cerebellum in language processing, because: (i) case studies presented patients with lesions affecting the anterior cerebellum (with or without damage to the posterior cerebellum), and (ii) group studies combined patients with lesions to different cerebellar regions, without specifically reporting the effects of right posterior cerebellar damage. Here we investigated whether damage to the right posterior cerebellum is critical for sentence processing and verbal fluency in four patients with focal stroke damage to different parts of the right posterior cerebellum (all involving Crus II, and lobules VII and VIII). We examined detailed lesion location by going beyond common anatomical definitions of cerebellar anatomy (i.e., according to lobules or vascular territory), and employed a recently proposed functional parcellation of the cerebellum. All four patients experienced language difficulties that persisted for at least a month after stroke but three performed in the normal range within a year. In contrast, one patient with more damage to lobule IX than the other patients had profound long-lasting impairments in the comprehension and repetition of sentences, and the production of spoken sentences during picture description. Spoken and written word comprehension and visual recognition memory were also impaired, however, verbal fluency was within the normal range, together with object naming, visual perception and verbal short-term memory. This is the first study to show that focal damage to the right posterior cerebellum leads to language difficulties after stroke; and that processing impairments persisted in the case with most damage to lobule IX. We discuss these results in relation to current theories of cerebellar contribution to language processing. Overall, our study highlights the need for longitudinal studies of language function in patients with focal damage to different cerebellar regions, with functional imaging to understand the mechanisms that support recovery.

The relatively young field of evolutionary psychology has been gaining acceptance in psychology and across the social sciences, with many of the once common misconceptions having been rebutted and clarified (Confer et al., 2010). However, the field remains largely a basic science, with researchers focusing on questions of theory rather than application. The book, Applied evolutionary psychology, brings together 25 chapters, organized into six sections, from a wide variety of contributors to address the potential for evolutionary psychology's findings to be applied. This aim is addressed quite broadly, being interpreted very differently by the various authors.Section 1 consists of three chapters addressing evolutionary psychology in the world of Business. Rubin & Capra's notable chapter 'The Evolutionary Psychology of Economics' explores how the findings from evolutionary psychological game theory studies contradict economists' assumptions of rational economic actors. Suggestions are made on how mainstream economic theory should account for these deviations from rationality to produce better models and predictions. This is an excellent example of how evolutionary thinking can improve predictive models across disciplinary boundaries and potentially impact social policy, and a welcome reminder that simple economic models require empirical validation before being accepted. The other chapters in this section discuss the credit crunch in the context of evolutionary insights into behaviour and psychology, and consider how people within organizations should be viewed as evolutionary actors to help explain and reduce negative behaviour in the workplace.Family is the focus of the three chapters in Section 2. The chapters review literature relating to childhood and development; discuss avenues for using our evolved cognitive biases to enhance teaching and learning; and consider the impacts of human dual reproductive strategies.Section 3 covers the area of Society. Petersen's 'The Evolutionary Psychology of Mass Politics' suggests that modern political discourse is hampered by our evolved tendency to think in terms of small group living. He discusses how this tendency prevents us from considering important political problems in appropriate ways. This is an important issue and, whereas he does not offer concrete solutions to the problemindeed such solutions may not existthe discussion is intriguing. Next, another notable chapter, Barclay's 'The Evolution of Charitable Behaviour and the Power of Reputation', explains how evolutionary insights could increase charitable giving. Based on evolutionary approaches to behaviour, this excellent discussion offers concrete, immediately implementable recommendations on how to harness reputational pressures so as to increase giving. Other chapters in this section make similar suggestions for encouraging 'green' behaviour; explore the evolutionary roots of prejudice and racism; aim to integrate the different evolutionary approaches to understanding criminal behaviour; consider how evolutio...