• Kiwi fruit appear suitable as phantoms for human prostate in MR examinations. • Kiwi fruit show zonal anatomy like human prostates in T2-weighted MRI and DWI. • MR spectroscopy reliably shows peaks in kiwi fruit (citrate/inositol) and human prostates (citrate/choline+creatine). • The kiwi fruit phantom works both with and without an endorectal coil. • EU regulation No. 543/2011 specifies physical and biochemical properties of kiwi fruit.
Background Application of an endorectal coil (ERC) for 3.0-T prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contentious. We hypothesised that a multicoil phased-array protocol provides T2-weighted images (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) with reduced field-of-view (DWI reduced ) and monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps that are technically equivalent with ERC or without ERC (noERC). Methods Axial T2WI (repetition time [TR] 7500 ms, echo time [TE] 98–101 ms) and DWI reduced (field-of-view 149–179 × 71–73 mm 2 , TR/TE 4500–5500/61–74 ms, b values, 50/800 s/mm 2 ) ERC and noERC images were obtained on identical clinical 3.0-T scanners at two centres and compared for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in anterior and posterior outer pericarp (OP) and peripheral placenta (PP) in five green Hayward kiwifruit ( Actinidia delicios a, European Union regulation 543/2011 class 2). Corroboration in 21 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (negative biopsy, prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 ≤ 2) involved identical MRI protocols: 10 at site 1, noERC, and 11 at site 2, with ERC. Two-tailed Student’s t test was used. Results With few exceptions, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was similar in kiwifruits and prostates for ERC and noERC. In T2WI, SNR was higher posteriorly in noERC MRI for peripheral zone (PZ) ( p < 0.001). In DWI reduced , SNR was higher posteriorly in ERC-OP ( p = 0.013) and ERC-PZ ( p = 0.026) for b = 50 s/mm 2 ; noERC-OP ( p = 0.044) and ERC-PZ ( p = 0.001) for b = 800 s/mm 2 ; and ERC-OP ( p = 0.001), noERC-OP ( p = 0.001), and ERC-PZ ( p = 0.001) for ADC, respectively. Volumes of kiwifruits and prostates were similar (89.2 ± 11.2 versus 90.8 ± 48.5 cm 3 , p = 0.638–0.920). Conclusions Findings imply that multicoil phased-array 3.0-T prostate MRI with T2WI and DWI reduced with ADC maps provides equivalent results with and without ERC.
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