This research presents a series of linked studies exploring the association between psychopathy and trauma. It comprises a systematic review (n = 58), followed by an expert Delphi (n = 19), and patient file trawl using a male forensic psychiatric patient sample (n = 66). An association between psychopathy and developmental trauma was predicted. It was further predicted that different types of trauma would be associated with different subtypes of psychopathy and that the severity of trauma would be important. The systematic review identified the following core themes: presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and/or symptoms; trauma type; trauma/abuse variables; and sex differences. The ensuing Delphi study indicated the specific variant of psychopathy to be important, with secondary psychopathy particularly relevant. The final study found that the severity of developmental trauma related differentially to primary and secondary psychopathy.Implications and directions for future research are discussed, most notably with regards to the conceptualisation of psychopathy.
[VCl3(THF)3] offers a convenient entrance point into the chemistry of carbene stabilized V(III) complexes. Herein we report the paramagnetic mono- and biscarbene complexes [VCl3(cAACMe)] 1, [VCl3(cAACMe)(THF)] 1(thf), [VCl3(IMes)] 2, [{VCl2(IiPrMe)(µ-Cl)}2]...
The mono‐ and bis‐iodo‐substituted NHC‐stabilized alanes (NHC)·AlH2I and (NHC)·AlHI2 offer a convenient entry for further substitution reactions at aluminum. Reactions of (NHC)·AlH2I 1‐4 with one equivalent of NaCp afforded the adducts (NHC)·AlH2Cp 9‐12 (NHC = Me2ImMe (9), iPr2ImMe (10), iPr2Im (11), Dipp2Im (12)). Alane adducts with two Cp substituents (NHC)·AlHCp2 13‐16 (NHC = Me2ImMe (13), iPr2ImMe (14), iPr2Im (15), Dipp2Im (16)) were prepared by the analogous reaction of (NHC)·AlHI2 5‐8 using two equivalents of NaCp. The unusual dimeric adducts ((NHC)·AlH2Cp·CpMgI)2 17‐19 (NHC = Me2ImMe (17), iPr2ImMe (18), iPr2Im (19)) were obtained from the reaction of 1‐3 with MgCp2.
Summary
This article explores three central questions. What did people consider the physical effects of prayer to be? Why were these effects considered to be therapeutic? How did an awareness of prayer’s physiological benefits shape the practices of patients and practitioners? It also presents a wider attempt to incorporate the notion of ‘double care’ into our thinking about early modern medical treatment. To date, early modernists have demonstrated that the sick engaged in prayer in order to elicit the Lord’s mercy and bring about a recovery. What remains underexplored is the way in which prayer was believed to somatically manifest in the devotee’s own body. Exploring this theme will highlight that medical practitioners, clergymen and the laity perceived and invoked prayer as both a spiritual and physical aid. In this way, prayer was not only a central religious exercise but also could be an important component of early modern therapeutics.
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