Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) alone and in association was the mostfrequently utilized chemotherapy but showed little efficacy. No benefit was found for the use of thioctic acid or steroids. Chi-square statistical comparison of survivors and dead vs. treated individuals supported silybin, administered either as mono-chemotherapy or in drug combination and N-acetylcysteine as mono-chemotherapy as the most effective therapeutic modes. Future clinical research should focus on confirming the efficacy of silybin, N-acetylcysteine, and detoxication procedures.

International audienceCO 2 stable carbon isotopes are very attractive in environmental research to investigate both natural and an-thropogenic carbon sources. Laser-based CO 2 carbon isotope analysis provides continuous measurement at high temporal resolution and is a promising alternative to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). We performed a thorough assessment of a commercially available CO 2 Carbon Isotope Analyser (CCIA DLT-100, Los Gatos Research) that allows in situ measurement of δ 13 C in CO 2. Using a set of reference gases of known CO 2 concentration and carbon isotopic composition, we evaluated the precision, long-term stability , temperature sensitivity and concentration dependence of the analyser. Despite good precision calculated from Allan variance (5.0 ppm for CO 2 concentration, and 0.05 h for δ 13 C at 60 s averaging), real performances are altered by two main sources of error: temperature sensitivity and dependence of δ 13 C on CO 2 concentration. Data processing is required to correct for these errors. Following application of these corrections, we achieve an accuracy of 8.7 ppm for CO 2 concentration and 1.3 h for δ 13 C, which is worse compared to mass spectrometry performance, but still allowing field applications. With this portable analyser we measured CO 2 flux degassed from rock in an underground tunnel. The obtained carbon isotopic composition agrees with IRMS measurement, and can be used to identify the carbon source. S. Guillon () · E. Pili CEA, DAM

International audienceWe have successfully developed an experimental setup that allows collecting in situ X-ray powder diffraction and simultaneously recording full waveform acoustic emissions (AE) at high pressure and temperature (PT) in a DIA multi-anvil device. This setup is a powerful tool for investigating rock embrittlement at high PT due to phase transitions and/or mineral reactions since both reaction progress (and kinetics) and AE triggering can be simultaneously monitored. The dehydration of natural serpentinite samples (antigorite-rich) under deviatoric stress has been investigated by this method since antigorite dehydration is believed to trigger intermediate depth earthquakes through dehydration embrittlement. We performed, beforehand, a series of tests on the cold compression of reference materials with contrasted mechanical behaviors (quartz beads and kaolinite powder). Due to grain crushing, cold compression of quartz gave rise to numerous AE events (several hundreds), which were located within the sample. Cold compression and heating of kaolinite, a ductile material, yielded no AEs, demonstrating that the pressure assembly is noiseless. Unexpectedly, antigorite-rich serpentinite samples produced no detectable AEs in the course of their dehydration under the differential stress imposed by alumina waveguides. The only AEs that were recorded occurred during cold compression. Sample microstructures indicate that conjugate faults inherited from the cold compression stage are activated during or after dehydration of the sample. The "aseismic" slip along these faults could be attributed to the presence of talc (or a talc-like phase) or of fine-grained materials (dehydration reaction products) in the fault gouge. Furthermore, AE triggering can also be influenced by hydraulic diffusivity and the differential stress level on the sample, two parameters that are not controlled in conventional multi-anvil experiments. Our results highlight the fact that coupling between dehydration reactions and seismicity might not be as straightforward as previously thought. In fact, fast reaction kinetics or high reaction extent may inhibit the nucleation of mechanical instabilities through rapid stress relaxation of the solid matrix