While cause lawyering has attracted abundant scholarly attention, the factors contributing to such movements in nondemocratic environments remain understudied. This article evaluates existing explanations of strategic litigation and finds that emphases on legal opportunity structure and resource mobilization overlook cases where litigation is used to expose and challenge existing constraints. This inductive study of revolutionary Ukraine shows that litigation is pursued despite unfavorable legal opportunity structure and may be triggered by state repression, rather than constrained by it. I argue that a democratic revolutionary movement in the country offered the necessary social resources for cause lawyers to succeed.

No abstract

No abstract

a structural and an individual perspective. For instance, the author notes that in several countries (e.g., Germany), the regulation of wages has created a multitier system of wages that has direct consequences on the status and the treatment of migrant workers. To frame these issues, the author proposes the very compelling notions of "wage differential magnets" and "migration incentives" that encapsulate and systematize the realities surrounding these phenomena.All in all, Varieties of Capitalism and Europeanization is especially appropriate for those teaching courses on comparative political economy, industrial relations, globalization, regionalization, migration, and EU and European politics because it does a great job engaging with and demystifying widely accepted notions about the effect of the free movement of labor and capital (or what some call globalization, regionalization, or neoliberalism). Challenging these popular views, the author clearly lays out (a) that globalization and regionalization do not necessarily entail liberalization and convergence and (b) that employers are not always "liberalizing predators," as they can also benefit from protectionism and from equal wages and conditions. Therefore, beyond the obvious audience of EU scholars, Menz's book proves to be relevant and useful for scholars, practitioners, and students of multiple fields as it provides rich insights and compelling stories with which to understand the politics surrounding issues such as recent and future enlargements, the liberalization of services at the supranational level, and the overall Europeanization of member states.

No abstract

No abstract

Background: Both the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and Public Health England have made smoking cessation a health promotion priority but the paramedic's potential impact in this important area has yet to be fully realised. Aim: This article proposes an evidence-based quality improvement intervention that can be adopted by paramedics at an individual, service-wide or national level to promote smoking cessation. Methodology: Building on a structured literature review and using the three fundamental questions and a Plan Do Study Act cycle, we propose a quality improvement strategy and evaluation methodology suited to the aims of the article. Discussion: Very Brief Advice is an evidence-based, effective and time-efficient way of reducing harm from smoking and improving quality of life for patients, saving NHS money as well as increasing paramedic job satisfaction.

patients was re-audited 6 months after the introduction of the late evening snack round to evaluate its impact. Carbohydrate content of food and drink were analysed using manufacturer's labels or a carbohydrate database [5]. The audit included 26 participant contacts pre and post-snack round. After introducing a late evening snack round the number of participants consuming !50g of carbohydrate increased, however, 50% still did not achieve this target. The mean total carbohydrate intake more than doubled and the number of participants consuming carbohydrate increased from 50 to 96%. The number of participants taking oral nutritional supplements increased, which contributed to total carbohydrate intake but did not significantly alter the number of participant consuming carbohydrate. This audit supports the practice of a late evening snack round on all hepatology wards as the total number of participants consuming carbohydrate and mean carbohydrate intake increased considerably. However, only 50% achieved !50g of carbohydrate, demonstrating that clinical guidelines can be challenging to implement in practice. Further work will focus on educating ward staff regarding what constitutes 50g of carbohydrate and how they can help patients to achieve this.