Particles under a perpendicularly applied alternating current (AC) electric field assemble into complex structures and exhibit tunable locomotion. Although they possess very similar physical properties, silica particles form two‐dimensional (2D) close‐packed crystals in deionized water, whereas polystyrene (PS) spheres repel each other. Using nanoparticle tracers, it is shown that the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow around silica particles is contractile, whereas it is extensile around PS particles. The Stern‐layer conductivities of PS and silica spheres are further measured experimentally and used in theoretical models to calculate the EHD flow surrounding them, which matches well with experiments. Therefore, the incorporation of Stern‐layer conductivity resolves the puzzle that EHD flow surrounding a particle with moderate zeta potentials is extensile. The impacts of zeta potential, Stern‐layer conductivity, salt concentration, and particle size on the EHD flow are examined herein. It is found that particles with high zeta potential, small diameter, or immersed in low salt concentration solutions tend to have extensile EHD flow surrounding them because the enhanced surface conductivity in the double layer makes the particles effectively more polarizable than the solvent. Herein, it is further shown that asymmetric EHD motors made from PS and silica particles exhibit behaviors that are consistent with the model predictions.
SIGNIFICANCEThe use of digital devices has increased substantially in recent years across all age groups for both vocational and avocational purposes. There are a wide range of proposed therapeutic and management options for this condition, including optical, medical, and ergonomic interventions.PURPOSERegular breaks are frequently recommended by clinicians to minimize digital eye strain. The so-called 20-20-20 rule, whereby individuals are advised to fixate on an object at least 20 feet (6 m) away for at least 20 seconds every 20 minutes is widely cited. Unfortunately, there is relatively little peer-reviewed evidence to support this rule. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether scheduled breaks are effective in reducing the adverse effects of digital device usage.METHODSThe study was carried out on 30 young subjects who performed a 40-minute, cognitively demanding reading task from a tablet computer. The task required them to read random words and to identify which ones began with a specific letter chosen by the experimenter. The task was undertaken on four separate occasions, with 20-second breaks being allowed every 5, 10, 20, or 40 minutes (i.e., no break), respectively. Both before and after each trial, subjects completed a questionnaire regarding ocular and visual symptoms experienced during the session. In addition, both reading speed and task accuracy were quantified during each trial.RESULTSA significant increase in post-task symptoms (with respective to the pre-task value) was observed for all four trials (P < .001). However, there was no significant effect of scheduled breaks on reported symptoms (P = .70), reading speed (P = .93), or task accuracy (P = .55).CONCLUSIONSAlthough widely cited as a treatment option, these results do not support the proposal of using 20-second scheduled breaks as a therapeutic intervention for digital eye strain.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the ethnocentric tendencies of Emirati Gen Z consumers and to provide empirical evidence on how demographic variables (gender and education) influence ethnocentric tendencies. The study also attempts to know the impact of ethnocentrism on the buying behavior of the segment. Design/methodology/approach Researchers collected the opinions of 310 Emirati Gen Z consumers by using a modified CETSCALE. The data was reviewed and coded by applying software R Studio and Microsoft Excel. Cronbach’s α and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) tests were administered to check the internal consistency and validity of the 17-item CETSCALE. Then, the factor extraction method principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the data. The selected hypotheses were tested by using the Cronbach α and Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) hypothesis testing technique. Findings The findings suggest that Emirati Gen Z consumers substantially ethnocentric who prefer domestic products/services over foreign goods. No significant influence of gender and education on Emirati Gen Z consumers’ ethnocentric tendencies. Research limitations/implications The targeted subjects were selected only from Dubai and the Sharjah Emirates and not covered the remaining five emirates of the UAE. Consumers were asked to assess their ethnocentrism without reference to a specific product or service. Originality/value This type of meticulous study in the UAE has never been done before to explore the ethnocentric tendencies of Gen Z consumers.
Objective - This study aims to explore financial literacy and its effects on economic empowerment among the self-help group (SHG) women members who are from the Virudhunagar District of Tamil Nadu, India. Methodology/Technique - Data were randomly collected from 400 SHG women members who were from 11 Blocks of the Virudhunagar District. The techniques used were the Financial Literacy Scale and Economic Empowerment Questionnaire which were developed and standardized for the study. Descriptive analysis, quartile and f-test were used to analyse data. Findings - The study reveals that financial literacy, like saving skills, financial knowledge, borrowing skills and investment skills, play a very significant and vital role in the economic empowerment of the self-help group women members in the Virudhunagar District. Novelty - Financial literacy like saving skills, financial knowledge, borrowing skill and investment skills play a very significant role in empowering women in the Virudhunagar District. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Financial Literacy; Economic Empowerment; Self Help Group; Financial Knowledge; Women Empowerment. JEL Classification: I22, I25.
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