In order to detect and identify ubiquitous lipid raft marker proteins, we isolated lipid rafts from different mouse organs, including the liver, lung, large brain, and kidney, and analyzed their proteins via 2-DE. Many protein spots were determined to be ubiquitous in all of the lipid rafts, and were annotated via LC and MS/MS. Twelve proteins were identified as ubiquitous raft proteins, and most of these were determined to be mitochondrial proteins, including mortalin, prohibitin, voltage-dependent anion channel, ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. Via immunoblotting, these proteins were shown to exist in detergent-resistant lipid rafts prepared using different organ tissues. Since these oxidationreduction respiratory chains and ATP synthase complex were detected in detergent-resistant lipid raft fractions which had been isolated from the plasma membrane but not from the mitochondria, and found in the cell surface when determined by immunofluoresence and immunohistochemistry, we conclude that plasma membrane lipid rafts might contain oxidation-reduction respiratory chains and ATP synthase complex.

Cobalt oxide (CoO x ), an earth-abundant and low-cost oxygen evolving catalyst (OEC), has notable advantages as a top protection layer of photoanodes for solar-driven water oxidation because of its desirable durability. However, cobalt oxides exist as various phases, such as Co(II)O, Co2(III)O3, Co3(II,III)O4, and the (photo)­electrochemical properties of CoO x are significantly governed by its phase. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a suitable method to form a multifunctional layer for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because it allows direct growth of a conformal high-quality film on various substrates as well as facile control over its chemical phases by adjusting the deposition conditions. Here, a well-controlled CoO x /SiO x /n-Si heterojunction prepared by ALD is demonstrated for solar-driven water splitting. The phase of the ALD CoO x films can be easily controlled from CoO to Co3O4 by varying the deposition temperature. In addition, this systematic study reveals that its energetic as well as electrochemical properties are changed significantly with the phase. Whereas CoO grown at 150 °C produces high photovoltage by building desirable hole-selective heterojunctions with n-Si, Co3O4 formed at 300 °C has a better catalytic property for water oxidation. To address this competitive correlation, we developed a double-layered (DL) ALD CoO x film that has advantages of both CoO and Co3O4. The DL ALD CoO x /SiO x /Si heterojunction photoanode produces a photocurrent density of 3.5 mA/cm2 without a buried junction and maintains a saturating current density of 32.5 mA/cm2 without noticeable degradation during 12 h in 1 M KOH under a simulated 1 sun illumination.

Recent deep-learning approaches have shown that Frequency Transformation (FT) blocks can significantly improve spectrogram-based single-source separation models by capturing frequency patterns. The goal of this paper is to extend the FT block to fit the multi-source task. We propose the Latent Source Attentive Frequency Transformation (LaSAFT) block to capture source-dependent frequency patterns. We also propose the Gated Point-wise Convolutional Modulation (GPoCM), an extension of Feature-wise Linear Modulation (FiLM), to modulate internal features. By employing these two novel methods, we extend the Conditioned-U-Net (CUNet) for multi-source separation, and the experimental results indicate that our LaSAFT and GPoCM can improve the CUNet's performance, achieving state-of-the-art SDR performance on several MUSDB18 source separation tasks.

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In this study, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) sensor was fabricated for carbon dioxide detection at room temperature. Uniform CNT thin films prepared using a filtration method were used as resistive networks. PEI, which contains amino groups, can effectively react with CO2 gas by forming carbamates at room temperatures. The morphology of the sensor was observed, and the properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. When exposed to CO2 gas, the fabricated sensor exhibited better sensitivity than the pristine CNT sensor at room temperature. Both the repeatability and selectivity of the sensor were studied.

A carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) was irradiated with a high energy electron-beam. As a result, the tensile strength of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based CFRTPs was significantly improved by gradually increasing the electron-beam dose. It was confirmed that the adhesion between CF and HDPE was improved and the surface properties of CF and HDPE were readily modified by electron-beam. It was verified from spectroscopic analysis that various oxygencontaining functional groups were formed on the surface of CF and HDPE by irradiation and we believe that strong attractive interactions took place among these functional groups at the interface of CFs and HDPE. Finally, it was conclusive that electron-beam irradiation provided two main effects on CFRTPs. One was cross-linking of thermoplastic resin for efficient load transfer from resin to CF and the other was formation of surface functional group and attractive interaction of these functional groups at the interface of fiber and matrix. These two effects showed synergetic contribution to enhance the mechanical properties of CFRTP.

Mutations in WASHC5 (also known as KIAA0196) cause autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type SPG8. WASHC5, commonly called strumpellin, is a core component of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex that activates actin nucleation at endosomes. Although various other cellular roles for strumpellin have also been described, none account for how SPG8-associated mutations lead to HSP. Here, we identified protein interactors of the WASH complex by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry and assessed the functions of strumpellin in cultured cells using both overexpression and RNA interference along with cell-spreading assays to investigate cell adhesion. We uncovered a decrease in CAV1 protein abundance as well as endosomal fission defects resulting from pathogenic SPG8 mutations. CAV1, a key component of caveolae, interacted with strumpellin in cells, and strumpellin inhibited the lysosomal degradation of CAV1. SPG8-associated missense mutations in strumpellin did not rescue endosomal tubulation defects, reduction in CAV1 protein abundance, or integrin-mediated cell adhesion in strumpellin-deficient cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the WASH complex maintained CAV1 and integrin protein amounts by inhibiting their lysosomal degradation through its endosomal actin nucleation activity. In addition, the interaction of strumpellin with CAV1 stimulated integrin recycling, thereby promoting cell adhesion. These findings provide a molecular link between WASHC5 mutations and impairment of CAV1- and integrin-mediated cell adhesion, providing insights into the cellular pathogenesis of SPG8.

Peer-to-peer grid computing is an attractive computing paradigm for high throughput applications. However, both volatility due to the autonomy of volunteers (i.e., resource providers) and the heterogeneous properties of volunteers are challenging problems in the scheduling procedure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a scheduling mechanism that adapts to a dynamic peer-to-peer grid computing environment. In this paper, we propose a Mobile Agent based Adaptive Group Scheduling Mechanism (MAAGSM). The MAAGSM classifies and constructs volunteer groups to perform a scheduling mechanism according to the properties of volunteers such as volunteer autonomy failures, volunteer availability, and volunteering service time. In addition, the MAAGSM exploits a mobile agent technology to adaptively conduct various scheduling, fault tolerance, and replication algorithms suitable for each volunteer group. Furthermore,