No abstract

This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the importance of their distribution in different regions of the world and their cumulative significant population size of 1.6 billion. South Africa reported contamination of its poultry carcasses by S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. Results from Egypt showed that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were predominant in poultry along with other non-typhoid strains, namely S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. In Indonesia, the isolation of Salmonella Typhi was the main focus, while other serovars included S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, and S. Paratyhi C. In India, S. Bareilly was predominant compared to S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Paratyphi B, S. Cerro, S. Mbandaka, S. Molade, S. Kottbus, and S. Gallinarum. Romania reported two Salmonella serovars in poultry that affect humans, namely S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, and other non-typhoid strains including S. Infantis, S. Derby, S. Colindale, S. Rissen, S. Ruzizi, S. Virchow, S. Brandenburg, S. Bredeney, S. Muenchen, S. Kortrijk, and S. Calabar. The results showed the spread of different serovars of Salmonella in those five developing countries, which is alarming and emphasizes the urgent need for the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO-GFN) to expand its activities to include more strategic participation and partnership with most developing countries in order to protect poultry and humans from the serious health impact of salmonellosis.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, one of the most widely used spices, has been reported to have anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetes effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 6‐shogaol, a bioactive compound present in ginger, on the adipogenic process in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. The anti‐adipogenic effects of 6‐shogaol was significantly higher than the more widely investigated 6‐gingerol, another major ginger constituent. We observed that 6‐shogaol inhibited the expression of two master regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ and C/EBPα, and also stimulated lipolysis in mature 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that 6‐shogaol, not 6‐gingerol, is the major compound present in ginger responsible for its reported anti‐adipogenic properties. Practical Applications Ginger is widely consumed all over the world, and has been associated with various health benefits. At least some of these benefits have been previously attributed to 6‐gingerol. In the present study, we observed that 6‐shogaol has more potent anti‐adipogenic effects than 6‐gingerol in 3T3‐L1 cells. This is the first study to investigate the anti‐obesity effect of 6‐shogaol in vitro, and provides a new perspective on future development of ginger‐based anti‐obesity strategies.

Considerable progress has been made in nanoemulsion design, fabrication, and testing. This knowledge facilitates the design of new formulations to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals. NDS and NES must be carefully designed based on the major factors limiting the bioavailability of specific bioactives. Research is still required to ensure these systems are commercially viable, and to demonstrate their safety and efficacy using animal and human feeding studies.

Results: Our results indicated that the levels of Co in surface soil (0-15 cm) were higher than in sub-surface soil (>15 cm-45 cm). In contrast, Pb and Zn were higher in sub-surface soil than in surface soil. A significant positive correlation existed between the levels of Co and vitamin B 12 in the liver of livestock. However, Co was not detected in muscle tissues while vitamin B 12 was present at very low levels in comparison with the levels found in the liver. The results indicated that Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ compete with Co in soil, which eventually affected the levels of vitamin B 12 in liver. Conclusion: It was recommended that survey of heavy metals in grazing fields of cattle should consider inclusion of multiple elements that compete with the bioavailability of essential elements in plants and animals for the prevention of deficiency of essential elements such as Co.