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The influence of nonionic emulsifier Tween 20 [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolauratel on the small-deformation shear rheological behavior of j3-lactoglobulin emulsion gels has been investigated. Measurements are reported for heat-set oil-in-water emulsion gels (5-10 wt % protein, 38 wt % oil, pH 7) containing surfactant added afier homogenization but prior to heat treatment (30 min at 90 "C). Storage and loss moduli (frequency 1 Hz) and protein surface coverages of emulsion gels containing 6,7, and 8 wt % protein have been determined at 30 "C. Comparison with results from the equivalent rheological experiments on pure j34actoglobulin systems (12-14 wt %, pH 7) shows that the incorporation of fine emulsion droplets greatly reduces the overall concentration of protein required to make a self-supporting gel. For constant oil content and thermal gelation conditions, the emulsion gel strength is very sensitive to protein content and surfactanffprotein molar ratio R. In particular, the storage modulus has been shown to increase a t low emulsifier contents (R cz l), to decrease a t intermediate emulsifier contents (R PZ 2), and then at high emulsifier contents (R L 4) either to increase again or to remain low depending on the protein content. This behavior can be explained in terms of the effect of system composition on the balance between the different kinds of interfacial and bulk protein-surfactant interactions.

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This study aimed in the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in different four varieties of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) using LC-MS and HPLC. LC-MS analysis guided to identify 12 phenolic compounds including sinapine, sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl, feruloyl choline(4-O-8') guaiacyl, kaempferol-3-O-sinapoyl-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside, cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, feruloyl choline(5-8')guaiacyl, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside,1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-gentiobiose, 1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-glucose, feruloyl choline(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, and sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in rapeseed meals were ranged from 38.50 (2012 "Sunmang") to 63.95 mg/g dry weight (DW) (2014 Jeju local cultivar). Main phenolic compositions were cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, kaempferol, feruloyl choline, and sinapine. Sinapine was predominant compound among all the samples ranged from 29.74 to 52.24 mg/g DW (mean 79% of total phenolic contents). This study provided the information for the variation of phenolic compounds between the varieties of rapeseeds and the cultivation periods. Furthermore, this information can be developed for bio-energy industry as a reducer of the cost of the bio-energy products.