A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented actinomycete, designated strain SBS-26T, was isolated from a sample of black sand from Samyang Beach on Jeju Island (Republic of Korea) and was subjected to polyphasic characterization to unravel its taxonomic status. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the organism belongs to the genus Nocardioides but forms a distinct branch at the base of a Nocardioides ganghwensis–Nocardioides oleivorans cluster. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SBS-26T showed the highest levels of similarity to those of N. ganghwensis JC2055T (97.7 %) and N. oleivorans DSM 16090T (97.6 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain SBS-26T and other members of the genera Nocardioides and Marmoricola were in the range 93.0–96.2 %. The following chemotaxonomic characteristics support the phylogenetic association of strain SBS-26T with members of the genus Nocardioides: ll-diaminopimelic acid as the principal diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, MK-8(H4) as the major menaquinone, iso-C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and a DNA G+C content of 69.1 mol%. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown phospholipid. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain SBS-26T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides furvisabuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain SBS-26T (=JCM 13813T=NRRL B-24465T).

A marine actinomycete strain, designated KSW2-15T, was isolated from a dried seaweed sample collected from a sandy beach on the coast of Jeju in the Republic of Korea. The organism produced non-motile, non-endospore-forming, Gram-positive, coccoid cells. The colonies were circular, translucent and yellow in colour with entire margins. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present as the diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. The acyl type of the muramic acid was acetyl. Mycolic acids were not present. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids were of the saturated, unsaturated and iso-branched methyl types. The DNA G+C content was 74 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KSW2-15T formed a loose association with ‘Candidatus Nostocoida limicola’, within the radiation of the family Intrasporangiaceae of the suborder Micrococcineae. The organism showed the highest levels of sequence similarity with ‘Candidatus Nostocoida limicola’ (96.1 %), Terrabacter tumescens (96.1 %) and Terrabacter terrae (96.0 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate and members of other genera of the family Intrasporangiaceae were in the range 92.1–95.5 %. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, the isolate should be classified within a novel genus and species, for which the name Phycicoccus jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Phycicoccus jejuensis is strain KSW2-15T (=KCCM 42315T=NRRL B-24460T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, obligately halophilic bacterium, designated strain JJM85 T , was isolated from beach sand in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells were rod-shaped and motile by means of flagella; colonies were pink, convex and smooth with an entire edge. The organism grew at pH 5.0-10.0 and 4-30 6C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the organism belonged to the genus Loktanella of the class Alphaproteobacteria and formed a tight cluster with the type strain of Loktanella hongkongensis (96.0 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content and fatty acid profile of the novel strain supported affiliation with the genus Loktanella. However, the novel strain could be differentiated clearly from members of this genus by cell motility, some physiological properties and low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (93.1-96.0 %). On the basis of the polyphasic data presented here, strain JJM85 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella pyoseonensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is JJM85 T (5KCTC 22372 T 5DSM 21424 T ).

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A new actinomycete strain, LM 042 T , which was isolated from a gold-mine cave in Kongju, Republic of Korea, is described by phenotypic and genotypic characters. The organism formed short chains of non-motile spores and globose bodies from substrate mycelium. An aerial mycelium was absent. This organism was chemotaxonomically characterized by the presence of mesodiaminopimelic acid, rhamnose, xylose, glucose, mannose and ribose in wholecell hydrolysates (a type II cell wall and a variant of sugar pattern D), a glycolyl type of muramic acid, DNA GMC content of 70 4 mol %, a type PII phospholipid pattern (phosphatidylethanolamine as a diagnostic nitrogenous phospholipid), a tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with 10 isoprene units as a major menaquinone, and fatty acid profiles predominated by iso-branched hexadecanoic acid, iso-branched pentadecanoic acid and heptadcenoic acid. A comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that this organism formed a distinct clade within the evolutionary radiation of the family Micromonosporac eae and clustered with members of the genus Catellatospora. The 16S rDNA similarity values between the isolate and its phylogenetic neighbours, the two subspecies of Catellatospora citrea and Catellatospora tsunoense, were 95 0-95 2 % and 94 9 %, respectively. An equidistant relationship was observed among the isolate, Catellatospora ferruginea and all other members of the Micromonosporac eae genera (levels of similarity 93 0-94 0 %). The combination of physiological, chemotaxonomic and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported that this organism is a novel species of the genus Catellatospora, for which the name Catellatospora koreensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LM 042 T (l IMSNU 50729 T ).

An aerobic, Gram-reaction-negative, chemo-organotrophic bacterium, designated strain SSW-35 T , was isolated from seawater in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells were motile, short rods; colonies were circular, smooth, convex, translucent and beige in colour. No diffusible pigment formed on any of the media tested. The bacterium grew at 4-30 6C and pH 7.1-10.1. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the organism was related to members of the genus Loktanella, its closest recognized relatives being Loktanella rosea Fg36 T (98.1 % sequence similarity) and Loktanella maricola DSW-18 T (97.8 %). Levels of 16S rRNA gene similarity between strain SSW-35 T and other recognized species of the genus Loktanella were all ,97 %. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown lipid as major components, as well as small amounts of two unknown phospholipids. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acid was C 18 : 1 (summed feature 7), and the 3-hydroxy fatty acids detected were C 12 : 1 3-OH and C 10 : 0 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55.0 mol%. In DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, the relatedness values between strain SSW-35 T and the type strains of the phylogenetically closest recognized species were all ,11 %. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness, a novel species, Loktanella tamlensis sp. nov., is proposed. During a study of polysaccharide-producing marine bacteria, strain SSW-35 T was isolated from surface seawater at Samyang Beach in Jeju, Republic of Korea. The water sample was directly transferred onto yeast extract-malt extract-seawater (YE-SW) agar (4 g yeast extract, 10 g malt extract, 4 g glucose and 18 g agar in a mixture of 600 ml seawater and 400 ml distilled water, pH 7.2) before the plate was incubated for 5 days at 30 u C. The pure culture was stored as glycerol suspensions supplemented with 60 % (v/v) seawater and 20 % (v/v) distilled water at both -20 u C and -80 u C. For phenotypic comparison and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, L. rosea LMG 22534 T and L. maricola KCTC 12863 T were grown on marine agar (MA, Difco).Cell morphology and motility, in a 3-day culture grown on YE-SW agar at 30 u C, were investigated using phasecontrast light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Colonial morphology was determined using a stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Growth on yeast extract-malt extract (YE) agar, nutrient agar (NA; Difco), Trypticase soy agar (TSA; Difco) and MA was investigated. Growth was also determined at 4, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40 and 42 u C on YE-SW agar at pH 7.2 and then at pH 4.0-12.0 (at intervals of 1.0 pH unit) on the same medium at 30 u C. The pH of the agar was adjusted, with 6 M HCl and 10 M NaOH, after autoclaving. Hydrolysis tests were performed on MA supplemented with 1 % (w/v) agar, 1 % (w/v)The GenBank accession number of the 16S rRNA gene sequence o...

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain SST-39 T , was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-endospore-forming, non-motile rods. Colonies were circular, slightly convex, opaque and brilliant yellow. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of the organism contained LL-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. Polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , C 18 : 0 and C 16 : 0 . The DNA G+C content was 68.4 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Propionibacteriaceae and formed a unique cluster with the type strain of Tessaracoccus bendigoensis (97.0 % sequence similarity). Other phylogenetic neighbours were the type strains of Luteococcus peritonei (95.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Propionibacterium propionicum (95.1 %). On the basis of its phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain SST-39 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tessaracoccus, for which the name Tessaracoccus flavescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SST-39 T (5DSM 18582 T 5KCTC 19196 T ).The genus Tessaracoccus was erected by Maszenan et al. (1999) to accommodate a coccoid-shaped bacterium having LL-diaminopimelic acid (LL-DAP) as the diamino acid, MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-7(H 4 ) as major menaquinones, anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acid and phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and three unknown glycolipids as polar lipids. The only and type species, Tessaracoccus bendigoensis, was isolated from activated sludge. The present study was designed to determine the status and taxonomic position of an actinobacterium, designated strain SST-39 T , isolated from beach sediment based on a polyphasic approach. This organism is suggested to represent a second species of the genus Tessaracoccus.Strain SST-39 T was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from Samyang Beach on the coast of Jeju, Republic of Korea. A wet sediment sample (1 g) was dried aseptically for 24 h and ground lightly with a pestle. The sample was transferred onto an SC-SW agar plate with a sterile stopper (14 mm in diameter) by serial stamping eight or nine times in a circular fashion. The isolation medium (SC-SW) contained 1 % soluble starch, 0.03 % casein, 0.2 % KNO 3 , 0.2 % NaCl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.002 % CaCO 3 , 0.005 % MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O, 0.001 % FeSO 4 . 7H 2 O and 1.8 % agar, in a mixture of 60 % natural seawater and 40 % distilled water. The plate was cultured at 30 u C for 14 days, and the resultant bacterial colony was subcultured on yeast extract-malt extract agar (ISP medium 2; Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) supplemented with 60 % seawater (YE-SW agar). Pure culture was maintained on YE-SW agar at 4 u C and as a glycerol suspension including 60 % seawater and 20 % distilled water at 220 or 280 u C. For p...