The hominin record from southern Asia for the early Late Pleistocene epoch is scarce. Well-dated and well-preserved fossils older than ∼45,000 years that can be unequivocally attributed to Homo sapiens are lacking. Here we present evidence from the newly excavated Fuyan Cave in Daoxian (southern China). This site has provided 47 human teeth dated to more than 80,000 years old, and with an inferred maximum age of 120,000 years. The morphological and metric assessment of this sample supports its unequivocal assignment to H. sapiens. The Daoxian sample is more derived than any other anatomically modern humans, resembling middle-to-late Late Pleistocene specimens and even contemporary humans. Our study shows that fully modern morphologies were present in southern China 30,000-70,000 years earlier than in the Levant and Europe. Our data fill a chronological and geographical gap that is relevant for understanding when H. sapiens first appeared in southern Asia. The Daoxian teeth also support the hypothesis that during the same period, southern China was inhabited by more derived populations than central and northern China. This evidence is important for the study of dispersal routes of modern humans. Finally, our results are relevant to exploring the reasons for the relatively late entry of H. sapiens into Europe. Some studies have investigated how the competition with H. sapiens may have caused Neanderthals' extinction (see ref. 8 and references therein). Notably, although fully modern humans were already present in southern China at least as early as ∼80,000 years ago, there is no evidence that they entered Europe before ∼45,000 years ago. This could indicate that H. neanderthalensis was indeed an additional ecological barrier for modern humans, who could only enter Europe when the demise of Neanderthals had already started.
In the past years we carried out further stratigraphy division in field and it is found that rich stone artifacts can be found in fluvial-shallow lake-alluvial sediments on the terrace II of Biangou River, in Shuidonggou site, Ningxia and they are SDG1, 2 and 7. More luminescence and AMS 14 C dating in laboratory show that Paleolithic culture develops during the Upper Paleolithic period with ages of 35-20 ka. The Paleolithic culture of SDG 1 is a little earlier than that of SDG 2 similar to SDG 7. The sandy sediments on terrace II of Biangou River deposits in the past 72-18 ka, corresponding to Last Glacial. SDG2 has a stable sedimentary environment, resulting in the continuous stratigraphy, thickest deposits and rich environment and culture information, which can be regarded as the important and classic paleoanthropological section of Late Pleistocene in this region.Shuidonggou site, luminescence dating, stratum correlation, depositional environment, Upper Paleolithic Several excavations have been carried out in SDG site since it was first discovered in 1923, and unearthed rich cultural remains of the Paleolithic [1−3] . Domestic and internatinal scholars have paid extensive attention to the cultural properties and also its geochronology. The western scholars have ascribed it to the western cultural system of Paleolithic, a status between the developed Mousterian and developing Aurignacian culture [4] . In the early stage of researches Chinese scholars regarded the SDG site as the Middle Paleolithic, and then regarded it as the Upper Paleolithic site according to updated material [5] . Along with the wide application of radiocarbon and Uranium series dating technique, 6 ages were obtained from SDG1 which shoesit belongs to the late Pleistocene [6,7] . In the summer of 1999-2000, SinoAmerican archaeologists and geologists had made a further survey in SDG site, and obtained 8 samples of charcoal and ostrich eggshell from the second cultural layer of SDG Site 2, and the AMS 14 C dating is 29-24 ka BP, SDG site was further ascribed to the early stage of the Upper Paleolithic [8,9] . However, previous studies of both strata and dating focused on the SDG1, no intensive linkage among different sites has been carried out, and also the duration of cultural development is still inexplicit. To understand the stratigraphic characteristics and geomorphic evolution process, we conducted extensive investigation of the landform and Quaternary environment in the SDG region, took 22 OSL and 2 14 C samples in SDG1, 2 and 7 to construct the timescale for this region, compare and intensively divide the stratigraphy in SDG site.
This work presents a novel algorithm using color contrast enhancement and lacuna texture synthesis is proposed for the virtual restoration of ancient Chinese paintings. Color contrast enhancement based on saturation and de-saturation is performed in the u'v'Y color space, to change the saturation value in the chromaticity diagram, and adaptive histogram equalization then is adopted to adjust the luminance component. Additionally, this work presents a new patching method using the Markov Random Field (MRF) model of texture synthesis. Eliminating undesirable aged painting patterns, such as stains, crevices, and artifacts, and then filling the lacuna regions with the appropriate textures is simple and efficient. The synthesization procedure integrates three key approaches, weighted mask, annular scan and auxiliary, with neighborhood searching. These approaches can maintain a complete shape and prevent edge disconnection in the final results. Moreover, the boundary between original and synthesized paintings is seamless, and unable to distinguish in which the undesirable pattern appears.
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