In most developing countries, the majority of the population heavily rely on agriculture for their livelihood. The yield of agriculture is heavily dependent on uncertain weather conditions like monsoon, soil fertility, availability of irrigation facilities and fertilizers as well as support from Govt. The main challenge in this study if the agricultural yield which is quite less compared to the effort put in due to inefficient agricultural implements and lack of knowledge on the other hand. It is therefore essential for the farmers to improve their harvest yield by acquisition of related data such as soil condition, temperature, humidity, availability of irrigation facilities, availability of manure etc and adopt smart farming techniques using modern agricultural equipment. A trend has started amongst the farmers to shift from traditional conventional farming to smart farming using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which can help improve yield with reduced effort at economic cost. The main focus of this paper is to present work related to these technologies in the agriculture field. This also presented their challenges & benefits related to smart farming. For improving the system, IoT will interact with other useful systems like Wireless Sensor Networks. It can help for understanding the job of data by using IoT and correspondence advancements in horticulture division. This will help to motivate and educate the unskilled farmers to comprehend the best bits of knowledge given by the huge information investigation utilizing smart technology and also provide data analysis in terms of temperature, humidity that can help farmers to reduce computation time. It will also help to identify water utilization in prior.
A novel miniature wideband rectangular ring antenna is proposed for 4.6–6.2 GHz which is compatible with IoT applications. The wideband response of the proposed antenna is achieved by a partial ground and stair step structure. Because modifying the width and etching the ground plane does not improve the impedance matching over a large bandwidth, a triangular shape DGS is inserted in the partial ground plane to increase the antenna bandwidth with enhanced return loss. The wideband features of the antenna were explored here by incorporating different DGS shapes such as triangles, rectangle, pentagon, circle, and oval in the partial ground. The results have been successfully verified through measurement. The simulated fractional bandwidth is greater than 29% at 4.6–6.2 GHz whereas the measured fractional bandwidth is 27.6% at 4.75–6.2 GHz. In both cases, the maximum return loss is greater than 55 dB. The gain of the antenna is greater than 2.6 dB with good efficiency and nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in shape. Due to its compact size and outstanding performance, the suggested stair stepshaped rectangular ring antenna could be a promising choice for IoT and wireless applications.
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