Balance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I) is a key principle for neuronal network organization and information processing. Consistent with this notion, excitation-inhibition imbalances are considered a pathophysiological mechanism in many brain disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, methods to measure E/I ratios in human brain networks are lacking. Here, we present a method to quantify a functional E/I ratio (fE/I) from neuronal oscillations, and validate it in healthy subjects and children with ASD. We define structural E/I ratio in an in silico neuronal network, investigate how it relates to power and long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) of the network's activity, and use these relationships to design the fE/I algorithm. Application of this algorithm to the eeGs of healthy adults showed that fE/I is balanced at the population level and is decreased through GABAergic enforcement. In children with ASD, we observed larger fE/I variability and stronger LRTC compared to typically developing children (TDC). Interestingly, visual grading for EEG abnormalities that are thought to reflect E/I imbalances revealed elevated fE/I and LRTC in ASD children with normal EEG compared to TDC or ASD with abnormal EEG. We speculate that our approach will help understand physiological heterogeneity also in other brain disorders. Excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) systems are critical for regulating the flow of information in the brain. Without narrow control over the E/I ratio, runaway excitation or quiescence would occur, impeding adequate information processing 1,2. In clinical terms, disruption of E/I balance has become a dominant theory on the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders, and perhaps most explicitly in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 3-6. The nature, however, of implicated E/I imbalances on ASD is diverse, ranging from molecular changes to altered neuronal circuits 3,7,8 and has been hypothesized to explain some of the variability in treatment responses 7. E/I ratio may be regulated at the level of synaptic currents and network connectivity 2,4,9,10 and both levels affect the dynamics of ongoing network activity 11-16. Thus, it may be possible to derive a quantitative measure of E/I ratio from ongoing brain activity, e.g., as measured with electroencephalography (EEG). Such a measure would allow testing hypotheses about the functional role of E/I ratio 8 , could enable physiological stratification within neurodevelopmental disorders and facilitate personalized application of E/I-modulating therapies 3,7,17 .