(1 of 8) 1600229wileyonlinelibrary.com metal nanoparticles may have high surface area per unit of weight of metal, but may (depending on the support) be impermeable to gases and liquids.Papers and fabrics have open fibrous structures, which provide them with higher accessible surface area than flat films of similar dimensions, and are permeable to liquids and gases. If noble metals could be fabricated in structures that are morphologically similar to paper or fabric, these structures might exhibit attractive physical properties (e.g., high surface area, mechanical flexibility, permeability to gases and liquids) and might also be plausible materials for use in electroanalysis, as catalysts, electrical conductors, or magnetic collectors.This article describes a method for fabricating free-standing materials of a number of late transition metals (i.e., noble metals); these materials have physical morphologies that resemble paper, thread, or fabric. We call the method "paper-templating," and the resulting structures "paper-templated metals." Paper-templating uses paper or fabric as a template, and solutions of metallic ions deposited on the paper or fabric as precursors to the metal. The template is first loaded with aqueous solutions of salts of noble metals and dried. The paper (or cotton fabric, in same experiments) is then burned off in a stream of air in a furnace held at temperatures between 550 and 800 °C, depending on the procedure, and the resulting structure annealed for 2 min. The method yields structures that resemble the shape and detailed morphology of the original template ( Figure 1A,B); this morphology, at scales down to 2 µm, is remarkably similar to that of the material (e.g., paper) from which they were derived ( Figure 1C-F). The structures are composed primarily (>94% w/w, and 55-80 at%) of elemental metal. Using paper-templating, we fabricated: (i) paper-templated structures of noble metals (i.e., gold, silver, platinum, rhodium, palladium, and iridium), (ii) paper-templated structures of mixtures or alloys of noble metals (i.e., gold-platinum, silverpalladium, gold-rhodium, and gold-rhodium-platinum), and (iii) paper-templated structures with different regions composed of a different noble metal (i.e., gold/silver, platinum/rhodium). These structures were electrically conductive, and permeable to gases and liquids. The surface areas of these structures were more than 20 times higher than their projected areas. The surface of paper-templated gold was electroactive, and the structure could be used as the working electrode for electroanalysis ( Figure 1G,H). Dionysios C. Christodouleas, Felice C. Simeone, Alok Tayi, Sonia Targ, James C. Weaver, Kaushik Jayaram, Maria Teresa Fernández-Abedul, and George M. Whitesides* This manuscript describes a simple and rapid method for fabricating freestanding structures composed primarily (>94% w/w, and 55-80 at%) of noble metals (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, etc.) and having physical morphologies that resemble paper, thread, or fabric. In this method, ...
Study Design Retrospective analysis at a tertiary care center. Objective This study describes a method of analyzing postoperative results using lateral view clinical photographs to create normalized projection ratios of the glabella and radix. Methods We reviewed preoperative and postoperative photographs of 15 patients. All photographs were in the lateral view Frankfort horizontal plane. We calculated the distances between the (a) tragus and cornea, (b) cornea and radix, (c) cornea and glabella, and the (θ) nasofrontal angle. Results Fifteen sets of patient photographs were analyzed and found that there was a favorable 14% reduction at the radix and an even greater reduction (78.9%) at the glabella. The nasofrontal angle was improved to a more feminine range from 131.84° preoperatively to 145.86° postoperatively. Conclusions Normalized projection ratios of the glabella and radix, along with the nasofrontal angle, can be used to objectively measure outcomes of frontal feminizing cranioplasty.
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