OBJECTIVES: To identify homogenous depressive symptom trajectories over the postpartum period and the demographic and perinatal factors linked to different trajectories. METHODS: Mothers (N = 4866) were recruited for Upstate KIDS, a population-based birth cohort study, and provided assessments of depressive symptoms at 4, 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum. Maternal demographic and perinatal conditions were obtained from vital records and/or maternal report. RESULTS: Four depression trajectories were identified: low-stable (74.7%), characterized by low symptoms at all waves; low-increasing (8.2%), characterized by initially low but increasing symptoms; medium-decreasing (12.6%), characterized by initially moderate but remitting symptoms; and high-persistent (4.5%), characterized by high symptoms at all waves. Compared with the high-persistent group, older mothers (maximum odds ratio [OR] of the 3 comparisons: 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 1.15) or those with college education (maximum OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.36 to 4.68) were more likely to be in all other symptom groups, and mothers who had a history of mood disorder (minimum OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.10) or gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis (minimum OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.68) were less likely to be in other symptom groups. Infertility treatment, multiple births, prepregnancy BMI, gestational hypertension, and infant sex were not differentially associated with depressive symptom trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: One-quarter of mothers in a population-based birth cohort had elevated depressive symptoms in 3 years postpartum. Screening for maternal depression beyond the postpartum period may be warranted, particularly after mood and diabetic disorders.

IMPORTANCE Many children begin interacting with screen media as early as infancy. Although screen time is associated with negative developmental consequences, few longitudinal studies in the United States have examined covariates of screen time among children under 3 years of age. OBJECTIVES To identify trajectories of screen time among children aged 1 to 3 years, to examine their association with screen use at 8 years of age, and to assess potential determinants of screen time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective birth cohort study included 3895 children (3083 singletons and 812 unrelated multiples) in New York State who had screen time data available for at least 1 time point from 1 to 3 years of age; 1156 children had data at 8 years. The study spanned

Objective: To study the associations between maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism with offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, conduct disorder, and behavioral problems.Design: Prospective birth cohort study.Setting: Community sample in upstate New York. Patient(s):A total of 1915 mother-child dyads. Intervention(s): N/AMain Outcome Measure(s): Maternal report of offspring ADHD, anxiety, or conduct disorder diagnosis at 7-8 years; emotional symptoms, behavioral problems (including peer relationship, conduct, hyperactivity/inattention), and prosocial problems measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 7 years.Results: Prevalence of PCOS and hirsutism were 12.0% and 3.9%; 84% of women with hirsutism had PCOS. After adjustment for sociodemographic covariates, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and parental history of affective disorders, children born to mothers with PCOS had higher risk of anxiety (aRR 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.57) and borderline emotional symptoms (aRR 1.66, 95% CI 1.18-2.33) compared with children born to mothers without PCOS. Associations between maternal PCOS and offspring ADHD were positive but imprecise. Maternal hirsutism was related

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Background: Recent survey research has found a concerningly high level of support for extreme beliefs and violence to advance political objectives in the United States (US). This study assesses variation in that support with political party affiliation and political ideology.Design, Setting, Participants: Cross-sectional nationwide survey conducted May 13 to June 2, 2022; participants were adult members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Main Measures and Outcomes: Measures: party affiliation, on a 6-point scale from “strong Republican” to “strong Democrat”; political ideology, on a 7-point scale from “extremely conservative” to “extremely liberal.” Outcomes: weighted, nationally representative proportions endorsing an array of beliefs about American democracy and society and support for and willingness to engage in political violence. Results: The analytic sample included 8,620 respondents; the completion rate was 55.8%. Strong Republicans were more likely than strong Democrats to agree strongly or very strongly with statements that “having a strong leader for America is more important than having a democracy” (strong Republican, 25.4%, 95% CI 22.8%, 28.0%; strong Democrat, 15.3%, 95% CI 13.1%, 17.5%), that social and cultural conditions in the US may justify the use of force or violence, and that “in the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States” (strong Republican, 19.8%, 95% CI 17.3%, 22.2%; strong Democrat, 12.1%, 95% CI 10.1%, 14.2%). Support for political violence as usually or always justified “in general” ranged from 2.3% to 3.6% across party affiliation. Higher percentages of Republicans (from 35.3% to 49.5%) than of Democrats (from 24.7% to 27.1%) considered violence to be usually or always justified to advance at least 1 of 17 specific political objectives. Among all respondents, small minorities (<10%) were “very or completely willing” to threaten or intimidate, injure, or kill another person, and there were no statistically significant differences with party affiliation. Strong Republicans were more likely than strong Democrats to think it very or extremely likely that “I will be armed with a gun” (strong Republican, 14.6%, 95% CI 12.5%, 17.0%; strong Democrat, 4.7%, 95% CI 3.4%, 6.3%) and that “I will carry a gun openly, so that people know I am armed” (strong Republican, 8.2%, 95% CI 6.5%, 10.3%; strong Democrat, 3.5%, 95% CI 2.4%, 5.1%) in a situation where “force or violence is justified to advance an important political objective.” Findings for political ideology aligned with those for party affiliation. Conclusions and Relevance: In this nationally representative sample, there was substantial variation by party affiliation and political ideology in beliefs about American democracy and society and the endorsement of violence to advance political objectives. Personal willingness to engage in political violence was uncommon, but small percentages of the sample represent large numbers of US adults.

Objectives: To assess relations of pre-pregnancy maternal and paternal obesity with offspring behavioral problems and psychiatric symptoms at 7-8 years in the Upstate KIDS study, a prospective cohort study. Study design: Maternal body mass index (BMI) was calculated from pre-pregnancy height and weight provided in vital records or self-report at 4 months post-partum. Mothers reported paternal height and weight. At 7-8 years, mothers indicated if their children had been diagnosed with ADHD or anxiety (n=1915). Additionally, children's behavior was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 7 years (n=1386) and the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) at 8 years (n=1484). Based on SDQ scores, we identified children with borderline behavioral problems. Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with robust multivariable Poisson regression. Results: Compared with children of mothers with BMI<25, children whose mothers had BMI 25-30, 30-35 and ≥35 kg/m 2 had higher risks of reported ADHD (aRRs, 95% CIs: 1.14, 0.78-1.69; 1.96, 1.29-2.98; and 1.82, 1.21-2.74, respectively). Risks of hyperactivity problems identified by the SDQ and a positive screen for inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive behavior with the VADPRS were also higher with increasing maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Paternal BMI was not associated with child outcomes.

ID, anemia, and low vitamin B-12 in middle childhood are related to behavior problems in adolescent boys. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03297970.