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High technology industries employ higher than average numbers of scientists and engineers when compared to the employment of the same group among all industries. Since these jobs require high levels of skills to undertake creative, cutting edge activities, it is anticipated that employment in these industries will be largely based on the levels of human capital of individuals or merit. This study compares how changes in levels of educational attainment affect employment in science and engineering jobs in high technology industries with those outside for four racial and ethnic groups. Although blacks and Hispanics are under-represented in science and engineering occupations, the study finds that the effects of education vary with the level of education, race/ethnicity, and the industry/occupational group under consideration in ways that suggest that the race/ethnicity of an individual still plays an important role in determining employment.

Inequality is growing in the United States. This article examines the relationship between innovation strategies and wage inequality at state level in the US. State science and technology strategies usually aim to add high-skill, high-wage jobs to the local economy. When they succeed, therefore, they threaten to increase wage inequality. Alternative innovation strategies are possible, including 'good job' strategies that focus on creating jobs in the middle of the wage distribution, and 'better life' strategies that improve living conditions for those at the low end of the wage scale and for the unemployed.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the utility of complex adaptive leadership to public financial management reforms in Jamaica and provide insights to advance theoretical perspectives on leadership in public organizations. Design/methodology/approach The study is qualitative and adopts a case study approach with data collected using document analyses and interviews. Findings The study highlights that leaders need to both drive and respond to directional forces and environmental pressures, which require them to balance or oscillate between leader and follower roles, and even demonstrate both simultaneously in order to achieve change successfully. Practical implications In developing states faced with technical and adaptive challenges, the inputs of followers assume greater importance as they are integral to innovation and flexibility needed for problem solving. Communication, negotiation, bargaining and teamwork are critical skills that must be included in the repertoire of leadership and followership training. Originality/value The study connects leadership to pubic finance, fiscal decision-making, and reforms to public fiscal systems in a small developing state, Jamaica. The paper highlights that increased attention to the context is necessary, especially in participatory democracies, which demand responsiveness to powerful or influential interests, reduce autonomy and give rise to unclear organizational boundaries and hierarchies. It establishes a nexus between adaptive leadership and social identity theories, which demonstrate the emergence, contribution, and importance of group identities to distributed leadership. The roles of leadership and followership can interchange, which increases the fluidity and dynamism of the leadership process.

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Efforts to amass sufficient resources to meet the ever-growing demands of citizens often prove to be daunting tasks for many developing countries. These countries, similar to their more developed counterparts, often undertake administrative reforms to increase revenue collection effectiveness and equity. However, the reforms are often slow and fail to achieve their desired objectives. In examining efforts to reform tax administrative systems in Jamaica, this study demonstrates how ideology and interests contributed to expressions of competing and conflicting institutional logics, resulting in the unsuccessful implementation of innovative organizational changes and increased compliance and enforcement. The findings suggest that recognition of, and attention to, competing logics will improve the decisions needed to undertake successful tax administration reforms, in Jamaica and beyond. In particular, theories of public policy and the policy process should deal explicitly with institutional constraints, otherwise their validity of descriptions and prescriptive powers will be considerably weakened.

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