Cephalometric measurements especially in first day after birth are important for assessment of neonatal health status. This study was conducted in the view of the importance of anthropometric indices of head and face in pediatrics, orofacial surgery, forensic medicine, medical imaging and diagnostic comprehension between patient and normal population. There is hardly any published data about the types of head and face shapes in three different zones of Himachal Pradesh. Methods: 327 normal newborns comprising 177 males, 150 females delivered in labor wards of civil hospitals in Himachal Pradesh, measured in 12-24 hours after birth. Head length, head width, face length, face width with cephalic and prosopic indices were measured by using digital vernier caliper. The study was undertaken to document the various craniofacial forms of newborns in Himachal Pradesh. Results: The mean and SD for cephalic index of male and female full term newborns in Himachal Pradesh were 80.97±4.18 (p<0.0054), the mean and SD value for lower hills and inner Himalaya were 80.34±4.43, 82.12±4.12 respectively. The mean and SD for prosopic index of male and female full term newborns were 68.71±6.1 (p<0.1507), and for lower hills and inner Himalaya were 67.29±5.99, 71.75±5.26 respectively. Dominant Brachycephalic type of head shape was found 40.67%, Mesocephalic 33.97% and Dolicocephalic rare type were 7.95% in Himachal Pradesh. Conclusion: The dominant cephalic index in Himachal was Brachycephalic heads, in lower zone with Mesocephalic head shapes while in inner zone have Brachycephalic. The dominant prosopic index was hypereuryprosopic face in each zone. This study also disagree the statements of all India anthropometric survey that hilly people have long round heads and round faces.
Around the world even the developed countries are stunned by this pandemic causing extensive pain. India is no exception and the Government has imposed a nation – wide lockdown to help restrain the virus. At the onset of the pandemic, medical students in the midst of the session were suddenly pulled out of their studies and same for 3rd and 4th years medical students clerkships were abruptly pulled out of clinical care. Faculty scrambled to adjust learning experiences by switching to online cases and remote activities to prepare students for required exams and to build clinical reasoning skills without the face to face patient encounter. In such a situation, where educational institutions across the country have been closed, both teaching and learning have affected millions of students. As per the orders from the.Government, Universities the colleges have started offering online classes to students. The objective of these online classes is to make sure that students do not lose out on any teaching and learning activities during the lockdown. This paper examines the impact of lockdown on students of medical institutions, the challenges they are facing due to lockdown.
Introduction: The effects of altitudinal variation on child growth and development have long been a center of attention for researcher. We believe that hereditary factor primarily affects on child growth and development however environment has secondary effect on it. The available literature on newborns in Himachal Pradesh establishes the fact that as altitude increases the crown heel length decreases. A comprehensive significant finding was also available in both the regions of Himachal Pradesh in terms of head length, foot length, nasal height etc. the comparison between the neonates of the two zones of Himachal Pradesh explains the difference in physical appearance of people of both zones. These features may be biological or behavioral in nature, genetic or developmental in origin. Most instances, a combination of factors are involved. Methods: The present study included 185 parents and their newborns from two zones (Lower zone and Middle zone) of Himachal Pradesh and separated as per the criteria. Measurement of newborn parameters was taken in 12-24 hours after birth by using digital vernier caliper. Ethical clearance from university and permission from Himachal Pradesh government was taken. All the newborns were separated as per criteria 1. Mother / Father from Lower Zone. (Zone category 1) 2. Mother / Father from Middle Zone. (Zone category 2) 3. Mother from Lower Zone / Father from Middle Zone. (Zone category 3) 4. Mother from Middle Zone / Father from Lower Zone. (Zone category 4) Results: Statistically significant difference was obtained in all the four categories. Different parameters were compared across different parent- zone categories by one way ANOVA. The results showed that four parameters shows significantly across groups, viz, Weight, Facial Length, Nasal Height and Philtrum width in all the Zone categories. Conclusions: The early historical studies mention that people living in Himachal Pradesh have migrated from different geographical locations hence their genetics, as well as culture is different from each other. This study clearly demonstrates the effects of environmental factors on child growth and development in Himachal Pradesh. KEY WORD: Anthropometry, Newborn, Himachal, Environment, Genetics.
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