Immunity is an important physiological function acquired throughout evolution as a defense system against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. The immune system also eliminates senescent cells and maintains homeostasis, monitoring cell mutations and preventing tumor development via the action of the immune cells and molecules. Immunotherapy often relies on the interaction of immune cells with the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on the distribution of the number of lymphocytes (CD3 and CD8) in the center and edge of the tumor and the expression level of B7-H1/PD-L1, tumors are divided into hot tumors, cold tumors, and intermediate tumors (including immune-suppressed and isolated). This review focuses on the advances in precision combination immunotherapy, which has been widely explored in recent years, and its application in different tumor types.

Objectives: This article aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of endoscope-assisted surgery for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) in comparison with the burr-hole craniostomy. Methods: An electronic literature research was performed in MEDLINE, the Cochrane library, and EMBASE from the inception to February 18, 2020. A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted to compare the efficacy of endoscope-assisted surgery with Burr-hole Craniostomy (BHC) surgery. Results: This meta-analysis included four studies comprising 441 patients. Endoscope-assisted surgery significantly decreased the risk of recurrence in patients with cSDH [odds ratio, 0.368; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.178-0.759; P = 0.007; I 2 = 0%]. The complication rate was also significantly lower in the endoscope-assisted group (OR, 0.249; 95% CI, 0.07-0.882; P = 0.031; I 2 = 71.87%). Conclusion: We conducted the first meta-analysis of endoscope-assisted surgery for cSDH. The meta-analysis of four studies comprising 441 patients with cSDH suggests a significantly decreased risk of recurrence and postoperative complications after endoscope-assisted surgery. Therefore, endoscope-assisted surgery is effective and safe in treating cSDH.

During the process of oil production and transportation, oil–water two-phase flow is a common occurrence. Well completion optimization and production design are greatly affected by the prediction accuracy of two-phase flow characteristics. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to predict the influence of interface shape on stratified flow. Dynamic contact angle theory and minimum energy method are introduced to solve the momentum equations with a curved interface and dispersed phase holdup in the lower water layer or the upper oil layer, respectively. When the Eotvos number is lower than ten, the interface shape changes from a flat surface to a curved surface, and the flow area of the upper water layer and the lower oil layer will increase and decrease, respectively. Results show that the dynamic contact angle and pressure gradient are greatly affected by oil superficial velocity, oil viscosity, and pipe diameter. By comparing the prediction with available experiment results, the validity of the model is evaluated. Results show that the novel model has an overall good prediction performance for the pressure gradient, with an average percentage error of 13.12%. While the average percentage error of Liu's model and two-fluid model are 22.89% and 34.98%, respectively. The novel model is a unified model that could be used to solve the problem with a curved/flat interface. It will also promote the oil well production design and horizontal well completion optimization.

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Junggar Basin is a typical superimposed oil and gas bearing basin in western China, where Mahu Depression is the largest oil-gas accumulation zone and exploration area. On April 23rd, 2013, the peak daily oil production of Mahu No.1 well reached 52 tons, achieving a significant breakthrough. On August 23rd of the same year, the high yield of Mahu No.18 well opened a new chapter of oil and gas exploration in the slope belt of the Mahu Depression. Since then, CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation) has increased the exploration and development process of the Mahu Depression, establishing the exploration theory and technology system of the conglomerate reservoir in the depression area. Finally, the exploration and discovery of a supergiant conglomerate oil field (1 billion tons) were achieved. However, a series of development problems were exposed, which was due to the lack of in-depth research on reservoir geomechanics and distribution law for natural fractures: 1) The Hydraulic fracture propagation law is not clear; 2) In the process of fracturing, there exists an obvious phenomenon of non-uniform fluid inflow and expansion in various clusters of fractures; 3) Serious interference occurs between wells during the fracturing operation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the study of geomechanics and distribution law for natural fractures in unconventional oil reservoirs, so as to provide technical support for the optimization of the horizontal well fracturing scheme, improvement of well pattern deployment parameters, and adjustment of oil reservoir development scheme, which further leads to cost reduction and development efficiency improvement while increasing single well production in unconventional oil reservoirs.