The rapid development of the urban network has led to the fact that cities are no longer single individuals, and the network has changed the urban development environment. The interaction between cities has gradually become an important factor for the high-quality development (HQD) of cities. From the perspective of externalities, it is of great significance to explore the impact of agglomeration externalities and network externalities on the HQD of cities to promote the high-quality and sustainable development of the region. Taking the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as an example, this study constructs a theoretical framework to empirically study the influence of agglomeration externalities and network externalities on the HQD of the city. The results show that the integrated network of the urban agglomeration from 2011 to 2020 had a high clustering coefficient and a small average path length with the characteristics of a “small world”. The centrality of urban nodes was hierarchical and had a “pyramid” structure. From 2011 to 2020, the high-quality development level (HQDL) of the urban agglomeration steadily improved and the regional “development gap” gradually narrowed. Wuhan, Changsha, and Nanchang were in a relatively advantageous position in the urban agglomeration. Furthermore, there was a spatial agglomeration effect and a spatial spillover effect in the HQD of urban agglomeration. Network externalities presented difference in different cities, and the influence of agglomeration externalities on HQD presented a u-shaped nonlinear relationship. Network externalities could significantly promote HQD, and the indirect effect of HQD was greater than its direct effect. In addition, factors such as government capacity and level of opening to the outside world also had a significant impact on the HQD of the region.
Taking Dalian, a typical square city in China, as an example based on data from remote sensing images, questionnaires, spatial statistics, social economy, etc., 48 squares in the main districts were constructed from the perspective of human settlements in order to build five systems: nature, humanity, society, residence and support. The aim was to explore the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and their driving mechanism. The results show the following: (1) The index system was constructed based on the human settlements perspective, and PCA was used to comprehensively evaluate it. Four principal component factors were extracted, and their cumulative contribution rate is 78.701%. On this basis, city squares were divided into four types: comprehensive square, recreational square, commercial service square and traffic square. (2) Using Mapinfo to visualize the square space, and taking the People’s Square as the center, the squares from the Tsarist Russia and Japanese colonial rule time periods were mainly distributed within 5 km, mostly in the direction of NE-SEE. During the construction of New China, city squares were distributed in all directions of the city, mainly between NE-SE and NNW-SSW. (3) ArcGIS was used to create an analysis chart of square service scope. Compared with 1999, it was more concentrated in central cities in 2016, and the service scope was relatively small. However, a square with high popularity has a wider influence. (4) The formation and evolution of the spatial pattern of city squares are affected by many factors, such as nature, economy, society, politics, ecological environment and technology. In the planning and development of city squares, Dalian should pay full attention to human settlements perpectives and add luster to the development of livable cities.
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