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A 53-year-old woman presented with a rare case of cavernous hemangioma of the frontal bone manifesting as right frontal stabbing headache and local swelling. Computed tomography revealed an extensive, well-defined, radiolucent, osteolytic lesion in the right frontal bone. The inner and outer tables of the skull were eroded and the lesion had compressed the brain parenchyma. Right frontal craniotomy was performed, and the lesion with a 1 cm-wide margin of surrounding uninvolved bone was removed. The defect was reconstructed with titanium mesh. The patient did well after the operation. The cosmetic results were satisfactory and follow up at 6 months post-surgery revealed no recurrence.

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a) Embalming and decapitation, b) Exposing, cannulization and irrigation of the main vascular structures, c) Preparing colored silicone, d) Injection of colored silicone and staining the vascular tree, and finally e) Sample maintenance. Each of these steps is closely related to one another and must be executed in a stepwise fashion in order to have a satisfactory result. There are several studies, which describe these steps, in more or less the same way (1-4). █ INTRODUCTIONThere is no doubt that extensive knowledge of neuroanatomy plays a vital role in neurosurgery practice. Cadaveric studies have a great impact on neuroanatomy learning. Cadaver preparation may take a lot of effort, especially at the phase of intravascular color filling. Preparation for cadaveric dissection of the brain requires some fundamental steps that can be summarized into:AIM: Cadaveric studies have a great impact on neuroanatomy learning. Cadaver preparation may take a lot of effort, especially at the phase of intravascular color filling. The authors describe their silicone dye technique and a novel mixture which is self-curing, quick to prepare and easy to inject. MATERIAL and METHODS:The first one of these processes is undoubtedly embalming and decapitation of the cadaver. If possible, the most appropriate time that should be preferred is immediately after the donor's death. Preparation for cadaveric dissection of the brain requires some fundamental steps that can be summarized into: a) Embalming and decapitation, b) Exposing, cannulization and irrigation of main vascular structures, c) Preparing colored silicone, d) Injection of colored silicone and staining the vascular tree, e) Sample maintenance RESULTS: Our method of preparation of silicone dye and injection enables neurosurgeons and anatomists to fill cerebral and dural vascular structures, and even diploic veins nicely in both fresh and aged cadaveric heads. Moreover, the main vascular structures and their branches in the lateral and third ventricles are painted remarkably beautifully. CONCLUSION:We tried to provide our experience about the preparation of head cadavers for anatomical dissection using a novel mixture of colored silicone that is very easy to prepare and inject with very satisfactory results.

ABSTRACTwill develop spine symptoms, and approximately 40% to 70% of these patients will have multiple-level involvement (1,28,34).The development of VCF associated with malignancy deteriorates quality of life and increases pain, sagittal imbalance and abdominal and respiratory problems (2, 41). All of these symptoms are of great importance when dealing with the osteoporotic population (18) and are even more relevant for the cancer population (13,19,20,22,33). █ INTRODUCTIONSpine disease due to malignant lesions is common among cancer patients. The incidence of spine malignant disease varies from 30% to 70%, depending on the primary tumor (14, 30), although not all of these cases are symptomatic. The incidence of vertebral compression fracture (VCF) in multiple myeloma is 24%, 14% in breast cancer and 6% among prostate cancer. Approximately 10% of lung cancer patients AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, feasibility and safety of a percutaneous anatomical vertebral body reduction for the treatment of VCF (vertebral compression fracture) linked to malignancy. Vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty have played essential roles in the treatment of painful vertebral metastasis, although there are few reports with long survival that have evaluated the long-term efficacy, adjacent fractures and vertebral body (VB) re-collapse associated with these procedures. We aimed to evaluate the longterm efficacy and the complications associated with malignancy and changes in spinal biomechanics. MATERIAL and METHODS:The retrospective study examined 32 patients with osteolytic VCF due to malignant infiltration of the vertebral body. A visual analogue scale, the EQ5 and radiological analysis (i.e., X-ray and CT scan) were used to assess back pain, quality of life and complications.RESULTS: Statistically significant reductions in anterior and central vertebral body heights (6.2 mm-19.6 ± 4.2 mm-and 5.8 mm-16.7 ± 7.8 mm-, respectively) that resulted in reductions of the regional Cobb angles exceeding 30% were observed. There was also a statistically significant improvement in quality of life. The average survival was longer than those reported in most published articles, and the average follow-up period was 30.9 months. CONCLUSION:Anatomical restoration (i.e., cortical ring reduction with endplate rebalancing) is potentially beneficial for a wellselected group of patients with spine metastases and long life expectancies because this procedure avoids the complications typical of these types of treatments (e.g., leakage, adjacent fractures and re-collapse).

Spinal extradural angiolipomas are benign tumors mostly localized in the thoracic region. A 50-year-old woman and a 36-year-old man presented with rare lumbar spinal angiolipoma manifesting as low back pain but without neurological signs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lumbar extradural tumors at the L4-5 and L1-2 levels, respectively. Each patient underwent complete surgical resection of the epidural tumors. Histological examination revealed characteristics of angiolipomas in both tumors. The symptoms of both patients improved postoperatively and no recurrence of the tumors was found 1 year after surgery.

Aim:In this paper, we aim to present our experience with a series of patients with PMSAH. In addition, the clinical course of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrgade (PMSAH) is discussed with an evaluation of etiologies, risk factors, and the necessity for a second angiogram on follow-up.Materials and Methods:The data for this study were obtained retrospectively from patients who were treated at the Uludag University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurovascular Surgery's clinic with a diagnosis of PMSAH between January 1980 and March 2002.Results:We identified a total of 24 patients, 12 male. The mean age at the time of hemorrhage was 53 ± 12 years. In all patients, the onset was typical with a sudden severe headache. Five of the patients were Hunt-Hess Grade I, 15 were Grade II, and 4 were Grade III. The initial 4-vessel angiography was normal in 23 cases. Twenty-two had a second 4-vessel angiography, and all were normal. We observed acute hydrocephalus in 5 patients (20.8%). We did not observe re-bleeding during the follow-up of our patients.Conclusion:Patients with PMSAH have a particularly excellent outcome, and there is no need to evaluate these patients with repeat angiography.

AIm:To determine the role of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUSG) in the surgical management of patients with intradural spinal tumors. mAteRIAl and methods: Twenty-six patients with intradural spinal cord tumors were surgically treated under intraoperative ultrasonographic guidance between January 2007 and May 2011. Guidance with IOUSG was used in 26 patients, of which 14 fourteen had extramedullary and 12 had intramedullary tumors. Intraoperative ultrasound assistance was used to localize each tumor exactly before opening the dura. The extent of tumor resection was verified using axial and sagittal sonographic views. The extent of tumor resection achieved with IOUSG guidance was assessed on postoperative early control MRI sections.Results: Total tumor resection was achieved in 22 (84%) of 26 cases. All of the residual tumors were typically intramedullary and infiltrative. The sensitivity of IOUSG for the determination of the extent of resection was found to be 92%. Ultrasonography was found to be effective in identification of tumor boundaries and protection of spinal cord vessels. The average time spent for IOUSG assessment was 7 minutes. ConClusIon:Intraoperative ultrasonography is practical, reliable and highly sensitive for spinal cord surgery. It not only enhances surgical orientation, but also reduces morbidity and helps to resect the tumor completely.