The Paris Agreement is set to come into effect from the year 2020. With this, the issue of emission sharing responsibility has gained momentum. This paper discusses the future emission allowances of various countries based on different sharing principles. Twelve countries from six continents were chosen for observation based on attributes such as past emissions, extent of development, and population. The aim was to find the implication of different sharing principles in future emission quota of a diverse range of countries. Four different budgeting periods were employed for increased certainty. Future cumulative and per capita emission allowances were estimated. The results prove that longer budgeting periods are more advantageous for developed countries while shorter budgeting periods favor developing countries more. The study brings forth some new developments in emission distribution research, primarily concerned with the low emitting countries. Overall, the study contributes to the field of emission sharing science to meet global climate targets.
Paris agreement’s 2°C target has set a goal for the entire World to reduce emissions. Simultaneously, the countries which are a party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are also required to set voluntary national climate targets to reduce emissions. For achieving these targets, mitigations efforts have to be made at every possible level, especially from the metropolitan cities as they are the prominent source of emissions. This raises the requirement of elucidating the meaning of climate targets at local levels. In this context, the present study tries to interpret the global and national targets at the level of a metropolitan region and quantify the amount of emission reduction required. Mumbai Metropolitan Region in India was studied for this purpose. Paris Agreement’s 2°C target as a global target and India’s climate target defined in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions as the national target were studied. These climate targets were translated into emission budgets for Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Comparing these with Mumbai Metropolitan Region’s emission forecast showed that it requires a 16.8% reduction to meet the national target while a 40% to 47% reduction to meet the global target. The results are significant for policy makers and planners to design focused mitigation policies and support national efforts to govern climate change.
Conserving resources, harmonizing living standards, and employing energy efficient methods are potential solutions to climate change, which can be positively accomplished through development and planning. However, today, as the first world countries advance towards "positive development", some third world countries are developing in an "unwanted pattern". The metropolitan cities of developing countries attract most of the country's population, consequently becoming the worst sufferers of the situation. They grow faster than their capacity allows, and then due to the lack of strategy, poor governance, and weak policies; face overwhelming pressure on land and natural resources. Documenting this situation using the case of a metropolitan city in India, the present paper aims to identify the problems faced by a metropolitan city in a developing country. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region's Regional Plan 1996-2011 was analyzed to determine the response to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Furthermore, a new diagnostic tool, namely the "Climate Change Planning Index", which can deliver valuable information at a glance, was developed. The paper concludes with a summary of the climate change crisis and the necessity of development in a developing metropolitan city.
Abstract-Urbanization and development are the inevitable consequences of economic growth. With urbanization, various issues of climate change are cropping up. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a significant phenomenon to manifest the changes in climate of a region. The present research attempts to establish the presence of this phenomenon in Roorkee, India on one hand. And, to study change in architectural styles of the buildings in the course of time as the possible reasons of these climatic differences on the other hand. Finally, the research concludes with recommendations and suggestion to mitigate and adapt to climate changes through the implementation of an indigenously designed algorithm.Index Terms-Uhi, surface transformation, land surface temperature, minimum u-value algorithm.
Abstract-In this paper, an investigation and comparison of various coding technique was made. The system throughput of a working OFDM system was analyzed by adding turbo coding. The use of turbo coding and power allocation in OFDM is useful to the desired performance at higher data rates. Simulation is done over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the effect of channel coding is reducing BER. The main focused of the paper was on various coding. Besides, performance of block code, convolutional codes Turbo codes in OFDM systems is compared. The simulation result shows that turbo coding is better performance to other various coding. There was the performance improvement of BER in OFDM system by using AWGN channel was discussed Keywords-Turbo codes, OFDM, AWGN, BER, BER Control etc. I. INTRODUCTIONReсently, a worldwide сonvergenсe has oссurred for the use of Orthogonal Division Frequenсy Multiplexing as an emerging teсhnology for high data rates. In partiсular, the wireless loсal network systems suсh as WiMax, WiBro, WiFi etс., and the emerging fourth-generation (or the so-сalled 3.9G) mobile systems are all OFDM based systems. OFDM is a digital multi-сarrier modulation sсheme, whiсh uses a large number of сlosely-spaсed orthogonal sub-сarriers that is partiсularly suitable for frequenсy-seleсtive сhannels and high data rates. This teсhnique transforms a frequenсy seleсtive wide-band сhannel into a group of non-seleсtive narrow-band сhannels, whiсh makes its robust against large delay spreads by preserving orthogonality in the frequenсy domain. Moreover, the introduсtion of a so-сalled сyсliс prefix at the transmitter reduсes the сomplexity at reсeiver to FFT proсessing and one tap sсalar equalizer at the reсeiver [1].Onсe exсlusively military, satellite and сellular teсhnologies are now сommerсially driven by ever more demanding сonsumers, who are ready for seamless сommuniсation from their home to their сar, to their offiсe, or even for outdoor aсtivities. With this inсreased demand сomes a growing need to transmit information wirelessly, quiсkly, and aссurately. To address this need, сommuniсations engineer have сombined teсhnologies suitable for high rate transmission with forward error сorreсtion teсhniques.The latter are partiсularly important as wireless сommuniсations сhannels are far more hostile as opposed to wire alternatives, and the need for mobility proves espeсially сhallenging for reliable сommuniсations [2]. For the most part, Orthogonal Frequenсy Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the standard being used throughout the world to aсhieve the high data rates neсessary for data intensive appliсations that must now beсome routine. Orthogonal Frequenсy Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a Multi-Сarrier Modulation teсhnique in whiсh a single high rate data-stream is divided into multiple low rate data-streams and is modulated using sub-сarriers whiсh are orthogonal to eaсh other.Some of the main advantages of OFDM are its multi-path delay spread toleranсe and effiсient speсtral usage by allowing overlappi...
Background: Paediatric UTI associated with predisposing factors like VUR and IHC causes severe damage to renal tissues resulting in renal scars. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from August 2017 to January 2019 in teaching military hospital and tertiary care corporate hospital was done to analyse and quantify the effects of these co-morbidities in Indian children with UTI. Results: A total 405 children of UTI were studied. 55 children (13.58%) had VUR being predominantly in the age group of 1-36 months (74.54%) with majority males (58.55%). 4 children (0.98%) had IHC. 346 children or 85.43% of sample size did not show any signs of VUR or IHC. 17 male children (56.66%) and 13 female children (43.33%) had bilateral VUR. Out of the 55 children with VUR, 26 (47.27%) developed renal scars. Conclusion: Medical management was successful in resolution of 27% of cases. All the 8 cases with Grade V VUR did not improve and required surgery. All the cases of IHC resolved spontaneously on conservative management.
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