Endophytes constitute living microorganisms inhabiting inside tissues of plants. Endophytes perform criticalfunctions in upgrading the growth of plants and their defense to fight stress by a variety of phytohormones, biologically active compounds, volatile organic compounds, and biotechnologically valuable enzymes. How biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and disease suppression occurs by endophytes, have been discussed in detail in the review. The mutual symbiotic relationship enhances plant growth, fitness, physiology, and metabolite production ability. Endophytes inhibit the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and protect crops against diseases. Endophytes are also involved in strategies for environmental clean-up such as biodegradation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and study the mechanisms of interactions, colonisation, diversity, and functionalities for successful implications in agriculture. Thus, the endophytic relationship opens possibilities for medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. The present review emphasizes the importance of endophytes in sustainable agriculture under several adverse environmental impacts through a better understanding of their functioning inside the plant.
Along with the extensive improvement in tumor biology research and different therapeutic developments, cancer remains a dominant and deadly disease. Tumor heterogeneity, systemic toxicities, and drug resistance are major hurdles in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and surgical therapy are some prominent areas of cancer treatment. During chemotherapy for cancer, chemotherapeutic agents are distributed all over the body and also damage normal cells. With advancements in nanotechnology, nanoparticles utilized in all major areas of cancer therapy offer the probability to advance drug solubility, and stability, extend drug half-lives in plasma, reduce off-target effects, and quintessence drugs at a target site. The present review compiles the use of different types of nanoparticles in frequently and recently applied therapeutics of cancer therapy. A recent area of cancer treatment includes cancer stem cell therapy, DNA/RNA-based immunomodulation therapy, alteration of the microenvironment, and cell membrane-mediated biomimetic approach. Biocompatibility and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles is the major impediment in nano-based therapy. More research is required to develop the next generation of nanotherapeutics with the incorporation of new molecular entities, such as kinase inhibitors, siRNA, mRNA, and gene editing. We assume that nanotherapeutics will dramatically improve patient survival, move the model of cancer treatment, and develop certainty in the foreseeable future.
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