Interferon-alpha (IFN␣) is a major treatment modality for several malignant and nonmalignant diseases, especially hepatitis C. Prospective studies have shown that up to 15% of patients with hepatitis C receiving IFN␣ develop clinical thyroid disease, and up to 40% were reported to develop thyroid antibodies. Some of these complications may result in discontinuation of interferon therapy. Thus, interferon induced thyroiditis (IIT) is a major clinical problem for patients receiving interferon therapy. IIT can be classified as autoimmune type and non-autoimmune type. I nterferons were discovered in the 1950Јs and were immediately recognized for their ability to render cells resistant to virus infection. 1 Interferons have been classified into two major groups, type I interferons and type II interferons, based on their capacity to bind to common receptor types. Type I interferons bind to a type I interferon receptor and include interferon-␣, interferon-␤, interferon-, and interferon-. 2 Type II interferons bind to a distinct type II receptor and include interferon-␥. 2 In addition to their antiviral properties, interferons have immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, antiproliferative and antitumor activity, and act as important regulators of growth and differentiation. 3 Interferons work by directly binding to either type I or type II receptors. The cytoplasmic domains of the transmembrane glycoproteins are associated with members of the JAK family of kinases. They activate various signaling pathways, including the JAK-STAT pathway, the Crk-pathway, the IRS signaling pathway, and the MAP kinase pathway, which leads to signal transduction and subsequent activation or repression of specific genes. 3,4 More than twenty interferon-induced proteins have been identified. 5 Interferon-alpha (IFN␣) was the first cytokine to be reproduced by recombinant DNA technology and has emerged as a major therapeutic modality for several malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Among the diseases treated by IFN␣ are melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and hepatitis B and C. 5 However, the most common prescription for IFN␣

In this case control study from 2005–2008 of euthyroid first-cycle IVF patients ≥38 years old with singleton baby, miscarriage, biochemical pregnancy, and no pregnancy outcomes, we assayed frozen serum for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and thyroid function at cycle start, trigger, 4 and 5 weeks gestation. AITD prevalence in older infertile women was similar across clinical outcomes, and although AITD was associated with a higher baseline TSH, TSH remains within acceptable range, suggesting that thyroxine supplementation may not affect maternal outcomes in older euthyroid AITD patients through 5 weeks gestation.

While significant awareness has been raised about menopause, less attention has been focused on the perimenopausal or "menopausal transition" period. Many women and their physicians remain unaware of the impact of this transitional phase into menopause. Specifically, heavy and unpredictable perimenopausal bleeding is extremely common. It is a normal phenomenon of aging and tends to improve over time. However, about one quarter of perimenopausal women will have heavy flow that persists beyond 3 months and will require medical assistance. The purpose of this review is to focus on the hormonal and physiologic changes that are associated with perimenopausal heavy vaginal bleeding, to present the essential evaluation of causes for this heavy flow, and to outline the evidence for effective medical and surgical treatments. Advances in the understanding of the normal physiology of perimenopause have led to medical therapies that may lead to fewer surgical procedures and hysterectomies and should be of interest to health care practitioners focusing on women's health. Although these issues are addressed in the gynecologic literature, there is relatively less published in other disciplines.

Study participants could accurately measure vaginal pH through self-testing. Vaginal pH self-testing may be a convenient tool to help women determine whether they should use an over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal medication or go to a physician for diagnostic workup.

Objective: To report a rare case of an adenomatoid tumor (AT) of the adrenal gland. Methods: We present a case report, including clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings, and review the relevant literature. Results:We describe a 60-year-old man in whom an AT of the adrenal gland was discovered incidentally, and review the literature. Fewer than 20 cases of these tumors are reported. The tumors range in size from 0.5 to 11 cm, are more common in men, and are more frequently located in the left adrenal gland. A specific imaging phenotype has not been characterized.

Discontinuation of HT/ET may predispose some women to the risk of hypertension and may affect their quality of life.

Nickel (Ni) leftovers arise from both catalyst application interventions and Ni alloy piping of the cooking oil industry (COI) being wasted as pollutants of freshwater bodies via discharged effluent. The current study assessed one of the indigenously feasible Ni removal systems comprising autochthonous Arthrospira platensis Gomont (AP)-driven Ni phycoremediation cells (NPCs). After screening AP for hyperaccumulation in the Ni spiked solution, AP was transferred to the NPCs. Propagation of the AP inoculum was proportionate to the pollution load drop of COI with 22.97 and 55.07% drops in the biochemical (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. With the 0.11 bioconcentration factor, there was an uptake of 14.24 g mineral with 16.22% Ni removal and a 36.35 desorption ratio. The experimental data closely fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, respectively. The study concluded that A. platensis could be taken for treatment of Ni-loaded industrial effluents at the microcosmic level.