Obesity is one of the major health public problems and it not only leads to serious and chronic diseases but also causes poor mental health. Although it is affected by number of factors including food, gender, socioeconomic status, and genetics but menopause is important in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was set to assess the prevalence of obesity and impact of menopause on it among women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was completed in about 3 months from August 2020 to October 2020 in a rural area of Punjab, Pakistan. 189 women were enrolled in our study according to agreed criteria of exclusion and inclusion. Women whose age was above 28 years and up to 58 years and who either had regular menstrual cycles or had cessation of menses from at least one last year were selected for study while women who either had irregular menstrual cycles or who were not willing to participate were excluded from study. Collection of data was accomplished via one self-structured proforma and WHO Classification of Weight Status which is based on BMI was also applied. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS version 25. Multiple statistical tests including Chi-square test, Independent Sample t-test, and One-Way ANOVA test were used to assess the study variables. Overall, our current study shows high prevalence (29.6%) of obesity among women, however, mean of BMI value was higher among postmenopausal women (27.53 SD of ±4.28) in comparison with premenopausal women (25.44 with SD of ±4.05) which means that postmenopausal women had higher risk of development of Obesity in comparison with premenopausal women. The association between obesity and menopause was statistically significant (p=0.0001). The difference of BMI mean value between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women was significant statistically (p=0.001). Significance difference was also noted in BMI mean value of across four grades of weight status (p=0.000). In a nutshell, overall prevalence of obesity is high among women and its even higher among postmenopausal women in comparison to premenopausal women which means menopause increases the obesity among women after menopause but process of development is so far vague.

Stress is a common health problem among medical students. Higher stress among students leads to change in food preference. This study was aimed to assess the relationship between perceived stress and food pattern among final-year MBBS student of Rawalpindi Medical University. This cross descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among final-year MBBS students of Rawalpindi Medical University in January 2020.Data was collected through Perceived stress scale and self-structured questionnaire about demographic details and dietary habit details. Students with irregular dietary habits were excluded. Because of non-parametric nature of data, non-parametric statistical tests including Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Multinomial logistic regression were applied to assess the variables. Statistically significant differences of perceived stress were observed across gender (p=0.000) and boarding status (p=0.004). Significant differences of perceived stress were also found across intake three frequency levels of sweet foods(p=0.000), snack foods(p=0.001) and ready to eat foods(p=0.012) while differences were non- significant across three intake frequency levels of fast foods(p=0.067) and fruits and vegetables(p=0.175).Multinomial logistic regression proposed increase intake of sweet foods, snack foods, ready to eat foods and fast foods with the increase in perceived stress while decease intake of fruits and vegetables with the increase in perceived stress. Our study shows that perceived stress changes dietary patterns and with the increase in perceived stress consumption of unhealthy foods increases while consumption of healthy foods decreases. So, by applying suitable interventions for alleviation of stress we can improve dietary habits and consequently physical health.

Background: Bed sore (BS) is very common among hospital admitted patients. Bed sore is a localized injury to skin and underlying tissues due to pressure or friction and its incidence is affected by multiple factors. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the incidence of bed sore and its potential risk factors among hospital admitted patients. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 108 hospital admitted patients in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Simple convenient sampling was used to enroll patients. After taking the informed consent from all patients, data was collected through a self-structured proforma. Data analysis was done via SPSS version 25. Chi square test was utilized to assess the association between bed sores and potential risk factors. Results: The incidence of bed sore among study population was 14 (12.96%). Bed sores incidence was significantly associated with age group (p=0.002), educational status (p=0.03), socioeconomic status (p=0.002), awareness about bed sores (p=0.001), hospital stay length (p=0.002), limitation in movement (p=0.0001), diabetes mellitus (p=0.03), chronic kidney disease (p=0.04), obesity (p=0.001), history of hypertension (p=0.002), history of stroke (p=0.02), and history of heart disease (p=0.04), whereas, bed sores were not associated with gender significantly (p=0.40). Conclusion: In a nutshell, the incidence of bed sores was significantly high among study population. Predisposing factors to the bed sores were advanced age, lower educational status, lower socioeconomic status, lower awareness about bed sores, longer hospital stay, limitation in movement, diabetes mellitus, obesity, history of hypertension, history of stroke, and history of heart disease. Recommendations: This research recommends that people should make aware about the predisposing factors of bed sores and how to avoid these factors at every level and especially in hospitalized patients. Patients should change their position periodically. Obese patients should reduce weight. All patients, especially diabetic patients, should take care of skin.

Obesity has become a pandemic problem and it is infamous for causing both physical and psychological disorders. Even though obesity is influenced by many factors which include fast food, menopause, socioeconomic status, and genetics, however, gender has paramount importance as a factor that affects obesity when we do not consider other factors. Thus, our current research study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and influence of gender on it. Our current cross-sectional descriptive study was finished in almost 6 months from August 2020 to January 2021 among general population of Pak Aran Society Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 183 people were recruited in study in accordance to set criteria of exclusion and inclusion. Only those people whose age was from above 20 years to below 61 years, and who had no physical or mental illness and were willing to participate were enrolled in study. Data collection was done through one self-structured proforma and WHO Classification of Weight Status established on BMI. SPSS version 25 was applied to perform data analysis. Various statistical tests like Chi-square test, Independent Sample t-test, and One-Way ANOVA test were used to evaluate the study variables and their relationship. Overall, our current study indicates high prevalence (19.10%) of obesity among all participants, nevertheless, mean of BMI value was higher among women (26.26 SD of ±3.70) as compared to men (25.06 with SD of ±4.27) which shows that women had higher risk of development of obesity than men. However, relationship between obesity and gender was statistically insignificant (p=0.262). The difference of BMI mean value between women and men was significant statistically (p=0.046). Significance difference was also observed in BMI mean value of across four grades of weight status (p=0.0001). In summary, in general, prevalence of obesity is higher among women than among men which means female gender raises the obesity incidence among women.

Depression is very common and multi-problematic disorder, and it can affect almost all aspects of lives of people including the way people eat, sleep, behave and perform. Depression can also lead to increase in consumption of unhealthy foods. This study is set to assess impact of depression on the consumption frequency of various food groups among final-year medical students of Rawalpindi Medical University Pakistan. This may bring new way to improve physical health through application of interventions for mental health. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2019 among final year medical MBBS students of Rawalpindi Medical University Pakistan. Two questionnaires were used for data collection including, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised-10 (CESD-R-10) for depression assessment while a self-structured questionnaire which was designed to get information regarding demographic details and food consumption of various food groups (Fresh foods, Sweet foods, Ready to eat foods, Snack foods and Fast Foods). Students who had any physical and mental illness and irregular dietary habits were excluded. From the total of 307 participants of study, 269 participants gave back properly filled questionnaires, therefore, final sample size became 269. Data analysis was accomplished through SPSS v.25.0. Because of non-parametric nature of data different non-parametric statistical tests including Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman correlation were applied to evaluate the study variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Difference in depression was statistically significant, across gender (p=0.007) and boarding status (p=0.000). Significant differences of depression were also found across intake three frequency levels of sweet foods(p=0.000), fast foods(p=0.000), snack foods(p=0.000), ready to eat foods(p=0.000) and fruits and vegetables(p=0.000). Spearman correlation coefficient was positive for four foods groups including sweet foods (0.426 with p=0.000), fast foods (0.610 with p=0.000), snack foods (0.611 with p=0.000), ready to eat foods (0.649 with p=0.000), while for fruits and vegetables ( -0.640 with p=0.000) it was negative. Positive values of Spearman correlation coefficient for sweet foods, fast foods, snack foods, and ready to eat foods indicate that, increase in depression leads to increase in consumption of these food groups while, negative value for fruits and vegetables indicates that increase in depression leads to reduction in consumption of this food group. Our study results show that depression leads to change in consumption frequency of various food groups. Increase in depression leads to increase consumption frequency of unhealthy food groups including sweet foods, fast foods, snack foods, ready to eat foods while increase in depression leads to decrease consumption frequency of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, by applying suitable intervention for the alleviation of depression we can improve dietary habits and consequently physical health.