OBJECTIVE: Liver failure following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major concern in liver surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate combination pretreatment with melatonin (MEL) and dexamethasone (DEX) on liver I/R model. Male Wistar rats (n = 60) were assigned to 5 groups of 12 animals each: (1) Sham: laparotomy without I/R; (2) I/R: hepatic I/R; (3) I/R+MEL: hepatic I/R+melatonin injected intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg); (4) I/ R+DEX: hepatic I/R+ dexamethasone injected intravenously (10 mg/kg); (5) I/R+MEL+DEX: hepatic I/R+ melatonin injected intraperitoneally+dexamethasone injected intravenously. The liver was subjected to ischemia by clamping the portal triad for 30 minutes and then reperfused for 6 hours after ischemia by removing the clamps. RESULTS: The levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased after hepatic I/R in all groups. Levels of GPx and SOD were higher in I/R+MEL+DEX group compared to I/R, I/R+MEL and I/ R+DEX groups and they were signifi cantly higher in I/R+MEL group compared to I/R and I/R+DEX groups (p < 0.05). Levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, hepatic tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), liver injury index, and apoptotic index increased after hepatic I/R. Levels of ALT, AST, tissue MDA, tissue injury index and apoptotic index were lower in I/R+MEL+DEX group compared to those in I/R, I/R+MEL and I/R+DEX groups, and in I/R+MEL they were signifi cantly lower than in I/R+DEX group (p < 0.05). TNF-α level was lower in I/R+MEL+DEX group compared to other groups and it was signifi cantly lower in I/R+DEX group than in I/R+MEL and I/R groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone had better results in decreasing the liver injury compared to when each of them was administered alone (Tab.
Due to key role of inflammation in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), aim of this study was evaluating the influance of regular swimming on serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Fourty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, diabetic, exercise and diabetic-exercise groups (n = 10). Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). In exercise groups, after induction of diabetes, animals were subjected to swimming (60 min/5 days a week) for 10 weeks. At the end of training, rats were anestatized and blood samples and pancreatic tissues were collected and used for evaluation of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and pancreatic histopatholology. Our results showed significantly increase in lymphocytes, monocytes and decrease in neutrophils in diabetic rats (p < 0.01), which these parameters significantly reversed to control levels by induction of swimming (p < 0.01). In diabetic group, the levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α increased (p < 0.01), and swimming decreased these factors significantly. Histopathological results of this study also showed that swimming can prevent damage induced by diabetes. The present study indicates that swim training is associated with improved inflammation and inflammatory mediators and pancreatic damage.
Background: The Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is considered as one of the chronic diseasesre-quiring complicated treatment. This study aimed to assess technical quality of providing care for pa-tients with IBD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 94 people with IBD using interviews and simple random sampling methods in Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and clinic of Imam Reza Hospital and Golgasht Clinic in Tabriz in 2012. The data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed. In order to investigate the statistical relationship between the background variables and compliance with the standards the Chi-square test was applied using SPSS 17 Software. Results: "visit by the physician" and "diet advice by the dietitian" have had the highest and the lowest levels of compliance with the standard respectively, and "the care related to the disease exacerbation" and "the care provided by the other physicians" were not compatible with the standards in 80% of the cases. Data analyses also showed that there was a significant relationship between participant’s age, job, education and the smoking status and compliance of some care with the relevant standards (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate a substantial gap between provided care for the people with IBD and the relevant standards. This indicates the areas that need of improvement and requires the serious attention of the authorities.
Prediction of outcome is difficult in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB). Some factors have been proposed in this regard with varying accuracy. This study aimed to investigate probable predictors of in-hospital outcome in patients with AUGIB. One hundred sixty four patients with AUGIB were studied prospectively in Tabriz Imam Reza Teaching Centre. All these patients were evaluated endoscopically by an expert. Patients' age, gender, presenting complains, transfusion, clinical findings and previous medical history were compared between survived vs. expired, re-bled vs. non re-bled and operated vs. non operated patients. There were 117 males and 47 females with the mean age of 57.12 +/- 17.32 (range: 32-78) years in this study. Hematemesis was the sole independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (82.1 vs. 100%; p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, however, female gender, major hemorrhage and previous neurological disease were associated with higher rate of expiration. Comparing two re-bled and non re-bled groups, hematemesis (76.5 vs. 95.9%; p = 0.003) and need of transfusion > 2U (36.1 vs. 71.4%; p = 0.006) were independent predictors of re-bleeding. In univariate analysis, hematocrit < 30%, major hemorrhage and previous history of hepatic disease or hypertension were predictive of re-bleeding. In comparison between operated and non operated groups no significant predictor was detected. In conclusion, this study showed that presence of hematemesis at the time of admission and need of transfusion > 2U were independent predictors of poor outcome in patients with AUGIB.
Background : The aim of present study was to evaluate the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR), dietary inflammatory index (DII), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes in a cohort study in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was a part of the large Azar eye cohort study that included 1378 patients with type 2 diabetes. To diagnose DR, two mydriatric fundus photographs were captured using a digital fundus camera. The DR severity was classified as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). MetS was determined on the basis of the ATPIII criteria. DII was calculated according to Shivappa et al. method. Results: Of 1378 diabetic patients, 185 (13.4%) had NPDR and 142 (10.3%) had PDR. The risk of NPDR and PDR increased by 2.65-fold and 2.01-fold, respectively, in patients having blood glucose levels that fell outside the recommended range. There was no statistically significant relationship between Mets, Mets components, and DII in NPDR and PDR. Conclusion: The results suggest that intensive glycemic control, rather than conventional control, may help reduce the progression of DR. It seems that longitudinal studies and clinical trials for evaluating role of DII in DR are necessary.
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