Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) and different doses of berberine chloride (BC) supplementation on apoptotic indices in renal tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: In the current study, 64 Wistar rats were divided into two normal and diabetic groups and then the normal group was divided into two subgroups including normal control (NC) and normal exercise training (NET, 3 d/wk, 50%-55% of VO2max for six weeks) and the diabetic group was divided into six subgroups including diabetic control (DC), diabetic exercise training (DET), diabetic BC15 (DBC: 15 mg/kg), diabetic BC30 (DBC: 30 mg/kg), diabetic BC15+ET (DBC15+ET), and diabetic BC30+ET (DBC30+ET). Intraperitoneal injection of STZ (100 mM citrate buffer, pH 4.5 contained 60 mg/kg STZ) was used for diabetes induction. Results: There was no significant difference in the levels of caspase-3 and Bax protein between the NC and DC groups (P = 0.59 and P = 0.49, respectively). The diabetic rats treated with BC30+ET demonstrated a reduction in caspase-3 compared with NC, DC, DBC15, and NET groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.02, P = 0.001, and P = 0.04, respectively). The results also revealed no significant difference in Bcl-2 protein level after six weeks of ET and BC supplementation in renal tissue of the studied groups (P = 0.33). Conclusions: These results suggested that aerobic exercise training combined with higher doses of BC could decrease pro-apoptotic indices with an increase in Bcl-2 to Bax ratio and suppress apoptotic cell death in the renal tissue of diabetic rats.
In this work binary, cobalt-nickel tungstate nanoparticles (CoNiWO 4 -NPs) were electrochemically synthesized on glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemically synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and elemental distribution maps. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has also been used to determine the electrocatalytic properties of CoNiWO 4 nanoparticles. The electrochemical behaviour of paracetamol was studied on a glassy carbon electrode modified with CoNiWO 4 -NPs. This sensor exhibits excellent electrocatalytic properties for the oxidation of paracetamol and can be successfully used to determine paracetamol in various samples, including paracetamol tablets and syrup.
The falling of an object through a non-Newtonian fluid is an interesting problem, depending on the details of the rheology of the fluid. In this paper we report on the settling of spherical objects through non-Newtonian fluids: Laponite. A falling object's behavior in passing through a thixotropic colloidal suspension of synthetic clay, Laponite, has been reported to have many behavioral regimes. Here we report a new regime where irregular motion is observed. We argue that this irregular motion may be interpreted as onset of chaos. Observation of this regime depends on the size of the falling sphere, relaxation time of fluid and concentration of particles in the suspension.
In this paper, we have numerically examined models that are capable of describing free falling regimes of a rigid sphere in a thixotropic fluid as Laponite. By simultaneously solving the dynamical equations governing both sphere and fluid systems, different regimes referred to in the experimental methods, are obtained. Three common behavioral regimes are: i) quickly stopping object, ii) fall with decreasing velocity, and iii) falling with a constant velocity in a steady-state mode. The initial state of the fluids (which is a function of the aging time), the characteristic relaxation time of microstructure's building up under shear, the characteristic thickness of the yielded zone around the sphere, and critical yield stress value besides the diameter and density of the sphere are effective parameters that change the regime.
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