The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that flavonoids mediate immune response and affect calf performance. Twenty Holstein calves [7 +/- 2 days age; 41.4 +/- 0.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to four treatments of (i) no; (ii) low (7.3 x 10(-5) g/kg BW); (iii) medium (7.3 x 10(-4) g/kg BW); and (iv) high (3.6 x 10(-3) g/kg BW) doses of flavonoids intake in a completely randomized design. Calves received the treatments as a tablet until weaning or a daily intake of 680 g starter. After weaning, calves received no supplemental flavonoids and monitored until 120 days of age. The flavonoids were extracted from propolis. Treatments did not affect body length, wither height and the severity of scours. At week 5 of age, BW was higher when calves fed the high compared to the low dose of flavonoids. At week 6, calves fed the high dose of flavonoids had higher BW than those fed no or low doses of flavonoids. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations remained lower at the first 3 weeks of the experiment when calves received the low but not the high doses of flavonoids. At week 4, both medium and low doses of flavonoids moderated serum IgG. At week 8, the medium and high but not the low doses of flavonoids lowered serum IgG. At week 6, calves fed high and medium flavonoids doses had lower blood immunoglobulin M (IgM) than control calves. Results suggest that flavonoids affect the humoral immune response and can improve growth in young calves. This response depended on calf age. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the premise that dietary forages or the main source of flavonoids are helpful for a less stressful weaning in the modern calf raising.
To simulate liquid fluid flows with high Schmidt numbers (Sc), one needs to use a modified version of the Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) method. Recently the modifications made by others for the weight function of dissipative forces, enables DPD simulations for Sc, up to 10. In this paper, we introduce a different dissipative force weight function for DPD simulations that allows achieving a solution with higher values of Sc and improving the dynamic characteristics of the simulating fluid. Moreover, by reducing the energy of DPD particles, even higher values of Sc can be achieved. Finally, using the new proposed weight function and kBT = 0.2, the Sc values can reach up to 200.
Abstract. The aim of this study is to simulate the self-assembly of the surfactant molecules with special chemical structure and bending sti ness into bilayer membranes using a mesoscopic Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) method. The surfactants are modeled with special chemical structure and bending sti ness. To con rm that the novel model is physical, we determine the interaction parameters based on matching the compressibility and solubility of the DPD system with real physics of the uid. To match the mutual solubility for binary uids, we use the relation between DPD parameters and -parameters in Flory-Huggins-type models. Unsaturated bonds can change the sti ness of a lipid membrane, which is modeled by introducing a bond bending potential. To verify our model, we investigate the e ect of surfactant structure, like chain length and sti ness of the molecules, on the properties of the modeled membrane as area per surfactant. To validate our results, we also compare them with the theoretical calculations as well as with the experimental and other existing simulations results. We show that there is a good coincidence between all of the results.
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