Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are being used extensively in a wide range of applications owing to the facile preparation technology as well as a high energy density, which exceeds those of other commercial batteries. However, LIBs alone cannot satisfy the burgeoning energy demand due to Li-resource constraints.Recently, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have garnered the interest of the scientific community as promising alternatives for LIBs due to the abundance of K resources, the affordability of K, and its superior electrochemical properties. However, the development of KIBs is hindered by the slow development of appropriate anode materials that can accommodate the repeated intercalation/ deintercalation of large K ions without sustaining significant structural damage. Thus, the development of appropriate anode materials is crucial for the realization of practically viable KIBs. Carbon nanomaterials are promising anode materials due to their remarkable potassiation/depotassiation ability, structural stability, and structural evolution from zero to three dimensions. It is anticipated that an evaluation of the recent advances in carbon and their composites anode materials for KIBs can facilitate the development of practically viable KIBs. This review comprehensively discusses recent developments in carbonaceous and their composites as anode materials for KIBs and provides a prospective for the next research step.
The constant increase in energy demand and the environmental issues due to higher utilisation of diesel fuel is frightening. The replacement of diesel fuel with biodiesel is the most viable solution to minimize the diesel fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The biodiesel with orange peel oil (OPO) and diethyl ether (DEE) can serve as a valuable alternative fuel, as OPO is naturally available with higher energy efficiency. The extracted orange peel oil characteristics gave its chemical and physical properties, which are suitable for using as additive for diesel fuel. The mixture is prepared with 30% DEE and 70 % of OPO to get B5 (950 ml Diesel + 35 ml OPO + 15 ml DEE) and B15 (850 ml Diesel + 105 ml OPO + 45 ml DEE) mixtures. In this study, a split injection CRDi engine is used to conduct performance and emission tests using the above three fuel options. The tests were conducted using the new blend for different engine operating conditions and the brake thermal efficiency of B5 mixture offers 0.6% to 2.3% higher values in comparison with diesel fuel.
In this work, the performance of R134a based automobile air conditioning system has been evaluated by retrofitted with R290/R600a mixture (in the ratio of 50:50, by mass), as an alternative. The performance was evaluated at five different op-
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