RESUMENLas serpientes tienen una notable flexibilidad y diversidad en sus tácticas reproductivas, a pesar de ello, los estudios acerca de la biología reproductiva de especies sudamericanas en zonas subtropicales-templadas son escasos. Se analizó la biología reproductiva de Liophis semiaureus en el nordeste de Argentina, incluyendo la madurez y dimorfismo sexual, fecundidad y ciclo reproductivo. Las hembras maduras fueron significativamente más largas, presentaron mayor peso corporal y alcanzaron la madurez sexual a una longitud mayor que los machos. Los machos tuvieron colas más largas que las hembras. El ciclo reproductivo fue estacional con mayor actividad en los períodos templados del año aunque previos a la época de inundaciones. Liophis semiaureus invirtió más energía en la reproducción que en el crecimiento, lo que posibilita que comiencen a reproducirse con tamaños más pequeños con respecto a otras poblaciones, sin retrasar su reproducción hasta alcanzar mayores tamaños. Esta puede ser una estrategia ventajosa en climas estacionales. Las características reproductivas y de dimorfismo sexual en L. semiaureus se encontrarían influenciadas por aspectos filogenéticos, geográficos y ecológicos, lo que determina que la especie responda de manera general al patrón reproductivo del grupo taxonómico pero con particularidades propias determinadas por los factores geográficos y los requerimientos ecológicos.Palabras clave: madurez y dimorfismo sexual, fecundidad, ciclo reproductivo, Liophis semiaureus, Argentina.
ABSTRACTSnakes in subtropical warm zones have a wide flexibility and diversity in your reproductive tactics. In spite of it, the studies in South America about that are scanty yet. We analyzed sexual dimorphism, sexual maturity, fecundity and reproductive cycle of a semi-aquatic snake, Liophis semiaureus, in north-east of Argentina. Females were significantly longer and heavier than the males. Females reach sexual maturity with longer snout-vent length than the males. Males had longer tails than the females. The reproductive cycle was seasonal. The individuals were more active on the first warm stations of the year and before the floods. Liophis semiaureus spent more energy in reproduction than growth, so they began to reproduce with smaller bodies than others population, this pattern of reproduction could be a profitable strategy in an environment of seasonal climate. The reproduction and sexual dimorphism in L. semiaureus would be influenced by aspects phylogenetic, geographical and ecological. The above aspects were similar to the taxonimic group but with their own characteristics due to geographical factors and to ecological requirements.
The air in most large Latin American cities is polluted, primarily because their automotive fleet is composed of internal-combustion engine vehicles. This also implies a strong fossil-fuel dependency. Petroleum fuels are nonrenewable and, as a consequence, the current mobility model becomes unsustainable. Great expectations have been put in electric vehicles. Such vehicles are already penetrating the automotive market and, soon, will be part of the alternatives of mobility in countries of Latin America. Therefore, research and development efforts must be conducted in order to facilitate the transition between the old technology, of internal-combustion engine vehicles, to the new e-mobility technology, in an efficient and effective way. At the Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, a threeyear research project has begun. The scope of the project includes the analysis of potential impacts of massive penetration of electric vehicles on both: the power system and the way in which it is traditionally operated. In this paper, a partial result of the natural first step in a scientific research is presented, that is a literature/bibliographic review. The paper focuses on three main issues: the impacts on the network planning, on the power quality and on the tariff schemes. After a brief introduction and a quantitative analysis of the available literature on the subject, each one of the issues is separately presented. Finally, the conclusions of the paper are given.
Index Terms-Network planning, Plug-in electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, Power Quality, Reliability, Smart Grid, Tariff, Time of use.
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