A sample of 203 Brazilian males from Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Brazilian southernmost state, was typed for 11 Y-STR markers (DYS19, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, and DYS439). We also typed 42 individuals from two South Amerindian tribes (Kaingang and Guarani) to use the data as parental Amerindian contribution to our analyses. Gene and haplotypic diversities were estimated, with the South Amerindian samples showing smaller values for these parameters than Brazilians. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the genetic structure of the Brazilian population as a whole, the Y-STR data from the RS sample was compared with those already published. No genetic substructuring was observed in the comparisons performed. Multidimensional scaling confirmed the proposed European source of most Y-chromosome Brazilian patrilineages.

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