This study underscores the importance of the renal microcirculation in renovascular disease. Intra-renal administration of VEGF preserved renal MV architecture and function of the stenotic kidney, which in turn preserved renal haemodynamics and function and decreased renal fibrosis. These observations suggest that preventing renal MV loss may be a potential target for therapeutic approaches for patients with chronic renovascular disease.

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We assessed the safety and efficacy of combined intravenous and aerosolized antioxidant administration to attenuate chlorine gasinduced airway alterations when administered after exposure. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air or 400 parts per million (ppm) chlorine (a concentration likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents) in environmental chambers for 30 minutes, and returned to room air, and they then received a single intravenous injection of ascorbic acid and deferoxamine or saline. At 1 hour and 15 hours after chlorine exposure, the rats were treated with aerosolized ascorbate and deferoxamine or vehicle. Lung antioxidant profiles, plasma ascorbate concentrations, airway morphology, and airway reactivity were evaluated at 24 hours and 7 days after chlorine exposure. At 24 hours after exposure, chlorine-exposed rats had significantly lower pulmonary ascorbate and reduced glutathione concentrations. Treatment with antioxidants restored depleted ascorbate in lungs and plasma. At 7 days after exposure, in chlorineexposed, vehicle-treated rats, the thickness of the proximal airways was 60% greater than in control rats, with twice the amount of mucosubstances. Airway resistance in response to methacholine challenge was also significantly elevated. Combined treatment with intravenous and aerosolized antioxidants restored airway morphology, the amount of airway mucosubstances, and airway reactivity to control levels by 7 days after chlorine exposure. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that severe injury to major airways in rats exposed to chlorine, as characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, mucus accumulation, and airway hyperreactivity, can be reversed in a safe and efficacious manner by the postexposure administration of ascorbate and deferoxamine.Keywords: epithelial injury; epithelial repair; mucosubstances; ascorbate; deferoxamine; aerosol Chlorine is essential to global industry and to global public health. According to the World Chlorine Council (http://www. worldchlorine.org), 14.4 million metric tons were produced in North America in 2008, and 62.8 million metric tons were produced globally. Water treatment makes up only 5% of the world's use of chlorine. The majority of chlorine is used in the production of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (1). It is also used as a bleaching agent for pulp and paper production, as feedstock in the production of chlorinated solvents used in metalworking, in dry cleaning, in electronics, and in pharmaceutical production (1-6).Only 20 American states contain facilities that produce chlorine, but every American state has facilities that use chlorine. This results in the shipping of chlorine by railcar, and increases the potential for large-scale accidents. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, chlorine gas was related to 518 serious accidents over a 5-year period during the 1990s (1). Multiple-casualty exposures to chlorine have resulted from industrial accidents involving chlorine ta...

Overexpression of folate receptors (FRs) on different tumor types (e.g., ovarian, lung) make FRs attractive in vivo targets for directed diagnostic/therapeutic agents. Currently, no diagnostic agent suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) has been adopted for clinical FR imaging. In this work, two 55Co-labeled albumin-binding folate derivatives-[55Co]Co-cm10 and [55Co]Co-rf42-with characteristics suitable for PET imaging have been developed and evaluated. High radiochemical yields (≥95%) and in vitro stabilities (≥93%) were achieved for both compounds, and cell assays demonstrated FR-mediated uptake. Both 55Co-labeled folate conjugates demonstrated high tumor uptake of 17% injected activity per gram of tissue (IA/g) at 4 h in biodistribution studies performed in KB tumor-bearing mice. Renal uptake was similar to other albumin-binding folate derivatives, and liver uptake was lower than that of previously reported [64Cu]Cu-rf42. Small animal PET/CT images confirmed the biodistribution results and showed the clear delineation of FR-expressing tumors.

Collectively, these data indicate that obesity-induced down-regulation of CAT1 expression and subsequent reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide may contribute to the development of obesity-induced hypertension.

No abstract

Elevated blood sera concentrations of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with many adverse human health effects, including lower birth weight children. Yet the biodistribution of PFAS between mother and fetus remains unknown. The first comparative uptake and in vivo biodistribution study of “long-chain” and “short-chain” PFAS was performed on healthy, pregnant mice via two routes of administration, tail vein injection and oral gavage ingestion. Two 18F radiolabeled PFAS, [18F]­PFOA (C8) and [18F]­PFHxA (C6), were administered to pregnant mice, and real-time distribution was investigated by dynamic positron emission tomography (PET). Post imaging, the biodistribution of the radiolabeled PFAS compounds were quantified by ex vivo gamma counting. Imaging following tail vein administration showed rapid uptake of both [18F]­PFAS in placentae followed by transport into fetuses. Oral gavage showed a slower uptake but still exhibited transport across the placenta. PFAS uptake was found in all tissues examined, with the highest uptake being exhibited in the blood for both [18F]­C8 and [18F]­C6 via tail vein and the lungs via oral gavage. These initial results provide insight into the link between PFAS exposure in pregnant mammals and offspring health.

Titanium dioxide engineered nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are widely used in the manufacturing of a number of products. Due to their size (<100 nm), when inhaled they may be deposited in the distal lung regions and damage Clara cells. We investigated the mechanisms by which short-term (one-hour) incubation of human airway Clara-like (H441) cells to nano-TiO2 (6 nm in diameter) alters the ability of H441 cells to adhere to extracellular matrix. Our results show that one h post incubation, there was a three fold increase of extracellular H2O2, increased intracellular oxidative stress as demonstrated by 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) oxidation, and a five-fold increase of phosphor-ERK1/2 as measured by Western blotting. These changes were accompanied by a 25% decrease of H441 adherence to fibronectin (p<0.05 compared to vehicle incubated H441 cells). Pretreatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 for three h, partially prevented this effect. In conclusion, short-term exposure of H441 cells to nano-TiO2 appears to reduce adherence to fibronectin due to oxidative stress and activation of ERK1/2.