The church-based intervention was well received by participants and improved short-term metabolic control.

No abstract

Rem Kool haas has pursued new archi tectural approaches breaki ng wi th conventi onal ones. Around the 1990s when l arge-scal e proj ects occurred wi th the uni on of Europe ahead, Kool haas recogni zed the l i mi ts to the exi sti ng methods for respondi ng to such changes. Accordi ngl y, he came to use desi gn methods based on 'congesti on' and 'voi d' as strategi cal al ternati ves, whi ch became the moment for hi m to l eap forward from the previ ous worki ng sphere based i n Europe to becomi ng an archi tect who woul d be commi ssi oned a number of l arge-scal e gl obal proj ects. Therefore, thi s study i ntends to i nvesti gate hi s desi gn methods whi ch uti l i zed congesti on and voi d, and to deri ve spati al characteri sti cs from the proj ects based on such methods. Fi rst of al l , the study l ooked i nto the hi stori cal background, defi ni ti on and process of congesti on and the voi d as desi gn methods, and anal yzed hi s proj ects to whi ch such methods were appl i ed by cl assi fyi ng them i nto the fol l owi ng categori es: 1) the voi d that removes a space of si ngul ari ty; 2) the voi d that penetrates space whi l e maki ng a fl ow; and 3) the voi d that i s formed by verti cal extrusi on. Then, the characteri sti cs of archi tectural spaces made i n thi s way were i denti fi ed as 1)the si ngl e-body appearance made by congesti on and the fol l owi ng types of space made by the voi d: 2) the non-uni forml y shaped space that l ooks l i ke fl oati ng; 3) the fl exi bl e space wi th vari ous fl ows and di recti ons; and 4) the space wi th vi rtual possi bi l i ti es that embrace conti ngent events. Thi s understandi ng of Rem Kool haas's desi gn methods whi ch were attempted i n vari ous ways at hi s cri ti cal turni ng poi nt wi l l be the foundati on to understand the overal l worl d of hi s works.