This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author KTA designed the study, procured the raw materials, was involved in the microbiological and chemical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author BSA was in charge of literature searches and statistical analyses.Author SF was involved in the microbiological, chemical and statistical analyses of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Lenzites betulinus and Coriolopsis gallica extracts against some bacterial isolates of medical importance. The organisms are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. Methods: Agar well diffusion assay was used, the ethanolic, petroleum ether and aqueous extract of C. gallica was assayed against the bacterial isolates. Results: Petroleum ether extract of C. gallica and L. betulinus was able to inhibit P. vulgaris with inhibition zones of 26.0 mm and 20.0 mm respectively. Ethanolic extract of C. gallica also inhibited P. vulgaris with inhibition zone of 22.0 mm while aqueous extract and petroleum ether of L. betulinus inhibited P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones of 20.0 mm and 23.0 mm respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were also inhibited by the aqueous and ethanolic extract of L. betulinus with zones of inhibition 15.0 mm and 26.0 mm against E. coli while 19.0 mm and 22.0 mm against S. aureus respectively. This study also showed the presence of some phytochemicals like tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids and saponin in the mushrooms with antimicrobial effects against the bacterial isolates used. The active components present in ethanolic, aqueous and petroleum ether extracts of C. gallica include phenolics, flavonoids and steroids while phytochemicals obtained from L. betulinus are phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and saponin respectively. Conclusion: The efficacy of these mushrooms as antimicrobial agents was attributed to the presence of various photochemicals present; hence they could be used in the simulation of drugs against some multi resistant strain of microorganisms. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2012; 11(6.000): 695-698

The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria makes it necessary to discover new classes of antibacterial and compounds that inhibit these resistant mechanisms. Hence, this study investigated the antimicrobial activities of Ganoderma lucidum and Deadaleopsis confragosa extracts against some bacterial isolates of medical importance. Using agar well diffusion assay, aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum and Daedaleopsis confragosa and assayed for antimicrobial on five bacterial species, viz: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In vitro bioassay revealed that the aqueous extract of G. lucidum inhibited P. aeruginosa S. aureus, E. coli and K. Pneumoniae with inhibition zones of 11.0 ± 0.02 mm, 10.0 ± 0.02 mm, 13.0 ± 0.03 mm and 14.0 ± 0.0 mm respectively. The ethanolic extract of G. lucidum also inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones 12.0 ± 0.01 mm, 11.0 ± 0.02 mm and 16.0 ± 0.01 mm. Petroleum ether extract of G. lucidum inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones of 12.0 ± 0.01 mm, 11.0 ± 0.03 mm and 12.0 ± 0.02 mm. For Daedaleopsis confragosa, the aqeous extract inhibited P. aeruginosa and E. coli with inhibition zones of 12.0 ± 0.01 and 12.0 ± 0.02 mm respectively while the petroleum ether extract inhibited S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones of 19.0 ± 0.02 mm and 13.0 ± 0.01 mm respectively. All these inhibitions on clinical isolates are therefore attributed to the presence of some bioactive compound as shown by the phytochemical screening of the mushrooms which include tannins, phenolics, flavonoids and saponin.

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author KTA designed the study, procured the raw materials, was involved in the microbiological and chemical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author SF was involved in the microbiological, chemical and statistical analyses of the study. Author BSA was in charge of literature searches and statistical analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Pleurotus ostreatus was obtained from the wild and evaluated for its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with vancomycine and amicosin as positive control against the isolates were examined using agar well diffusion assay and the zones of inhibition for the methanolic extract varied for different organisms as zones of inhibition were highly pronounced in Escherichia coli having 18.0 ± 1.41 mm followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae of 17.0 ± 0.58 mm then Staphylococcus aureus of 14.0 ± 1.53 mm and finally Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13.0 ± 0.58 mm. While for the aqueous extract, no inhibition was observed in three isolates apart from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in which the zone of inhibition was just 8.0 ± 1.00 mm. The total antioxidant activity of aqueous Pleurotus ostreatus differed significantly with total phenolic of 12.55 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid of 7.22 ± 1.60 mg QE/g, ABTS of 1.99 ± 0.06 mmol TEAC/100g, FRAP of mean value of 5.25 ± 0.25 mg/g and also Pleurotus ostreatus was able to scavenged DPPH in a dose-dependent manner of 0 -13.3 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of Pleurotus ostreatus can therefore be attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract. Also, the result of the ABTS + scavenging ability of Pleurotus ostreatus as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) revealed that the extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus has ABTS scavenging ability. The FRAP mean value shows the ability of Pleurotus ostreatus extract to reduced Iron (III) to Iron (II) indicates its redox potential which presents the mushroom a good antioxidant source, suitable for health benefits when consumed.

The antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from fermenting cocoa water at a local farm at Supare-Akoko Ondo State, Nigeria against selected enteropathogenic bacteria was investigated. The fermentation was monitored for three days while the antimicrobial activity of the predominant isolates was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The selected organisms were Klebsiella, pneumonia, Salmonella paratyphii, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabillis, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Bacteria that were isolated from the fermenting cocoa juice include Bacillus licheniformis, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis and Lactococcus lactis. The total viable count and lactic acid bacteria count of the fermenting juice increased from 7.94x10 3 cfu/ml and 3.98x10 2 cfu/ml to 1.25x10 6 cfu/ml and 3.16x10 5 cfu/ml respectively. The pH of the juice decreased from 5.90 to 4.30 while the temperature increased from 35 o C to 41 o C. The cell free supernatants of the dominant isolates, L. plantarum and L. brevis, inhibited all the pathogenic microbes. The highest and the lowest zones of inhibition were observed in S. aureus and E. faecalis cultures respectively. The antibacterial activity of these bacteria could be due to their ability to produce varieties of antimicrobial substances such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, and bacteriocins. Consumption of fermented cocoa juice could be an economical alternative approach to the use of antibiotics in treating infections caused by these pathogens.

Inhibitory activities of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the root, stem bark, and leaf of Morinda lucida on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, and Salmonella typhorium was investigated in vitro. In vitro experiment was carried out using the agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods with Gram-negative enterobacteria. M. lucida extracts were more active against all the tested bacteria than the standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin even at the same concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml. The results of this study show that the extracts of M. lucida has the potentials of inhibiting the growth of E. coli and Salmonella species, thereby suggesting its potency in the treatment of infections in which E. coli and Salmonella species are implicated.

This study was undertaken with the aim of determining the growth, yield, and proximate composition of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated on Pycnanthus angolensis sawdust supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% palm kernel cake (PKC), oil palm fibre (OPF), rice bran (RB), wheat chaff (WC), and corn cobs (CC). P. sajor-caju harvested produced maximum yield of 31.22 g on P. angolensis sawdust supplemented with 15% wheat chaff. The biological efficiency of substrates used ranged from 6.09% to 37.39%. Results also showed a maximum crude protein of 26.33% of P. sajor-caju cultivated on P. angolensis sawdust without any supplement and fat content ranging from 0.25% to 2.21%. Fibre content of harvested mushrooms ranged from 5.05% to 9.29%. The study revealed that supplementing P. angolensis sawdust significantly influenced the growth, yield, and proximate compositions of P. sajor-caju.