The synthetically new illicit drugs which are called New psychoactive substances (NPS) are the calamity of the modern era. Their danger is much more than the natural drugs of abuse and at the same time, they cannot be detected on regular drug screens making diagnosis very difficult. The number of NPS is growing very fast making their detection more complicated. Another challenge is that their health effects are not well studied and cannot be predicted. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are the most prevalent group in all available NPS. One recent member of the SCs group is AB-CHMINACA. This review article summarizes the available data about AB-CHMINACA. The obtained data were summarized under the following subtitles; historical background, chemical structure, classification, physical characters, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, toxicity, methods of detection, the magnitude of the problem, and the situation in Egypt. The reviewed studies reveal that AB-CHMINACA like other SC substances are considered toxic with high liability for dependence. Most of the available studies are case reports. The available literature is lacking in specific organ pathology and well-structured toxicity studies.
Introduction: Sodium valproate (VPA) is a well-known antiepileptic drug used in treatment of generalized seizures and cause many toxic effects. Aim: This study aimed to highlight the VPA effects on testes in adult male albino rats and protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and L-carnitine. Methodology: Sixty adult male albino rats divided into six groups randomly, 10 rats each, group I: negative control group not received any treatment. group II: positive control group received NAC 150 mg/kg/day orally, group III: positive control group received Lcarnitine 500 mg/kg/day orally, group IV: received VPA 400 mg/kg/day orally which equals 40/67 of Ld50 of valproic acid in rats, group V: received VPA 400 mg/kg and NAC 150 mg/kg daily orally, group VI: received VPA 400 mg/kg and L-carnitine 500 mg/kg daily orally for 45 days. Results: This study revealed high significant difference between group received VPA (IV) in form of marked decrease in serum testosterone compared to control groups (I, II, III), laboratory parameters are co-incident with histopathological findings in testes of these groups. We found a significant improvement in laboratory parameters in the form of higher serum testosterone levels in groups received antioxidants with VPA (V, VI), co-incident with histopathological findings in testes of these groups, with a higher protective power of Lcarnitine than N-acetyl cysteine. Conclusion: Sodium valproate induces testicular toxicity in high doses (400 mg/kg) in male albino rats. There is a protective role for both NAC and Lcarnitine. L-carnitine exhibited more protective effect than NAC on their administration with VPA.
Background AB-CHMINACA is a cannabimimetic indazole derivative. In 2013, it was reported in different countries as a substance of abuse. Purpose This study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on the liver and kidneys and measured its blood level in adult male mice. Methods The histological and biochemical subacute toxic effects on the liver and kidneys were assessed after four weeks of daily intraperitoneal injections of one of the following doses: 0.3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg as the highest dose in adult male albino mice. In addition, the blood concentration level of AB-CHMINACA was determined by GC–MS-MS. Results The histological effects showed congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration, and cellular infiltration of the liver and kidney tissues. Considering the control groups as a reference, biochemical results indicated a significant increase in the serum AST only in the highest dose group, while the ALT and creatinine levels did not significantly change. The mean values of AB-CHMINACA blood levels were 3.05 ± 1.16, 15.08 ± 4.30, and 54.43 ± 8.70 ng/mL for the three treated groups, respectively, one hour after the last dose of intraperitoneal injection. The calibration curves were linear in the 2.5–500 ng/mL concentration range. The intra-assay precision and accuracy of the method were less than 7.0% (RSD) and ± 9.2% (Bias). Conclusion This research supports the available case reports on AB-CHMINACA toxicity that it has low lethality; still, the chronic administration causes evident liver and kidney histotoxic effects even at low doses with unnoticeable clinical effects in mice.
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