BackgroundSeveral vaccines have recently been generated and are being utilized to prevent COVID-19 mortality. Although the disease is causing many fatalities worldwide, preventative practices should be prioritized, even if vaccines are available. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of e-health literacy and some cognitive factors in adopting protective behaviors against COVID-19 in Khalkhal residents.MethodsIn the present cross-sectional study we recruited 380 people aged 18–65 according to cluster sampling from September 2021 to December 2021 in Khalkhal County, Iran. Reliable and validated tools were applied to data collection, including the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) in Persian and the Cognitive factors assessment questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Data were analyzed using Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and bivariate correlation. The predictors were also determined using hierarchical linear regression analysis.ResultsThe average age of the participants was 35.26 ± 11.51 years. The regression analysis implied that gender (p-value = 0.032), education level (p-value = 0.001), occupational status (p-value = 0.002), income (p-value = 0.001), and marriage (p-value = 0.001) had statistically significant associations with e-HL. Additionally, education level (p-value = 0.001), occupational status (p-value = 0.001), income (p-value = 0.001), and marriage (p-value = 0.002) revealed statistically significant associations with COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Approximately 16.5% of the variation in the COVID-19 protective behaviors is explained by the cognitive factors and the demographic variables. Overall, demographic, cognitive, and e-HL variables were able to explain roughly 35.5% of the variation in COVID-19 protective behaviors. Furthermore, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of protective behaviors (β = 0.214).ConclusionsHBM constructs successfully predicted the role of e-health literacy and some cognitive factors in adopting COVID-19 protective behaviors. People with high socioeconomic levels were better at e-health literacy and COVID-19 protective behaviors during the pandemic. Moreover, applying approaches to adopting COVID-19 protective behaviors is essential, especially in low socioeconomic status (SES) groups.
Background: The main criteria of health determinants are Health Promoting Behaviors (HPBs) and Health Literacy (HL). This study aimed to assess HL and HPBs among the urban population of adults. Methods: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study with 379 adults in Iran. The inclusion criteria was that participants were randomly selected from health centers using health records. Data were collected by demographic information questionnaire, Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and Pearson’s r correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Also, the hierarchical regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders. Results: There was a significant association between HL and demographic factors, including age, gender and education level. HL dimensions were significantly correlated with HPBs of adults (p <0.05). Decision-making was the strongest HL dimension to predictive HPBs (β=0.606). In this study, 49.7% of the variation in HPBs is predicted by the HL, and the demographic characteristics. Conclusions: It can be advantageous to design programs to promote HL and HPBs in adults, focusing on the aging group, gender, and education level.
Background The coronavirus is one of the largest pandemics in the world that has occurred in recent years. The virus has so far killed millions of people around the world. To prevent the coronavirus, health behaviors are essential. Therefore, identifying the effective factors of coronavirus preventive behaviors can be effective in designing and implementing health interventions. Methods This study was a cross-sectional design that was implemented in Iran in 2021. Participants were recruited randomly from healthcare centers by medical records (n = 380, 64.7% female, mean age 32.14 years). The data collection included a demographic form, health literacy questionnaire, and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) protective questionnaire. Analyses were adjusted for confounders using hierarchical regression analysis. Results According to the analysis, among participants COVID-19 preventive behaviors (CPBs) distributions, wearing masks was the highest and avoiding touching my face and do not leaving home were the lowest. Educational level, gender, perceive benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy trust were all significant predictors of COVID-19 protective behaviors. Also, among dimensions of the health literacy, all of them except decision-making were significant predictors of adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The most COVID-19 preventive behaviors distributions, among Iranian adults were wearing mask (66.3%) and covering mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing (44.2%) questions as “Always”. Conclusions this research shows health literacy and cognitive factors have a potential and determinative role in the health of patients with COVID-19. Wearing mask has been the highest preventive behavior in patients with COVID-19, which indicates the effect of educational level as demographic factors in these groups of patients. Therefore, these factors can be considered in prevention and treatment programs in health system.
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