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Citrullus colocynthis is one of the major medic plants and it has many medical values. This plant adopts in desert regions and specifically in sand dunes. Forasmuch as seeds of this plant germinate not easily, so in this research tried to study about effect of different treatments for breaking seed dormancy, germination stimulus and growth of Citrullus colocynthis seeds. The treatments were include sulfuric acid 98% in 20 and 40 minutes time intervals, potassium nitrate 0.2% within 72 hours, hot water in 90 centigrade degree during 10 minutes and scratching by sand paper. For comparing this treatments and normal germination is used distilled water for control. Experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with four repetitions and six treatments. Results of variance analysis and mean comparison showed that there are significant statistical differences (0.01 levels) between treatments for percentage and velocity of germination, length of the Root and Shoot. The maximum percentage and velocity of germination and length of the Shoot obtain in scratching by sand paper treatment and results of other treatments were in lower level than this one. According to got results determined that scratching is the most suitable method for dominance on seed dormancy of Citrullus colocynthis species.

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism and is secreted by the kidney. 1 Elevated levels of serum uric acid level (SUA) can result from decreased renal clearance. 1 Hyperuricemia is an abnormal condition with a higher level of uric acid in the blood. 2 Hyperuricemia is due to an imbalance of increased production of uric acid or/and decreased excretion of uric acid, which may result in serious complications including gout, tophi, kidney stones, or urate nephropathy even kidney failure. 1,2 In humans, if the concentration of SUA reaches 357 μmol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 416 μmol/L (7.0 mg/dL) for men, hyperuricemia could be diagnosed. 2 Hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout, but it is also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). 3 Uric acid seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of both coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. 4 Pro-inflammatory properties of uric acid, accounting for this atherogenic potential, include a positive correlation of its concentration with increased levels of inflammatory markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) as well as of chemoattractant and adhesion molecules. 4 High levels of SUA will lead to sequelae including hypertension hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolaemia. 1 Also, hyperuricemia has been associated with an increased risk for early death in patients with an acute stroke. 1 Hyperuricemia spans CVD and CKD; increased SUA level can enhance the risk for both these morbidities. 2 As a cardiovascular risk factor, SUA often

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Objective: Hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity increase the risk of hyperuricemia while weight loss (>5 kg) has been reported to decrease urate. The effects of orlistat on serum uric acid is still controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the influence of orlistat on serum uric acid level in adults. Methods: Relevant studies, published up to May 2020, were searched systematically through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All relevant randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effect model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were also carried out Results: Overall 7 trials (9 dataset) that enrolled 1786 subjects were included. Orlistat showed in significant change in serum uric acid level (Difference in means: -17.661μmol, 95% CI: -31.615 to -3.707, P=0.01). A low heterogeneity observed across the studies (Iˆ2 = 25.119%). After categorizing studies on the basis of duration and sample size the effect of orlistat on serum uric acid was significant. The results of meta-regression were showed that significant relationships were not found between orlistat and serum uric acid in duration of intervention. Conclusion: We found a significant reduction in serum uric acid following orlistat therapy in adults.