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In this article, we examine the role of environmental quality and economic growth in the determination of health expenditure in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) countries for the period 1995-2014 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to explore the estimating the impacts of economic growth and environmental quality on heath expenditure. The results show that health expenditure, income, CO 2 and PM 10 emissions are a cointegrated panel. While long-run elasticities show that income and CO 2 and PM 10 emissions have statistically significant positive effects on health expenditure. The results show that the income elasticity is inelastic, that health expenditure is not more sensitive to income and the adjustment to changes in income in MENA countries.

This paper empirically examines the dynamic causal relationships between CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanisation for the period 1980-2014 using the pooled mean group (P.M.G.) approach and panel Granger causality tests for Asian countries. Using panel unit root tests we found that all variables integrated of order 1. From the Pedroni panel cointegration test, there is a long-run relationship among the variables. The results showed that urbanisation increases energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Environmental quality is considered a normal good in the long run. The Granger causality test results support that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth, urbanisation and CO 2 emissions. Consumption is greater than the impact on CO 2 emissions in the eastern region and some evidence supports the compact city theory. These results contribute not only to advancing the existing literature, but also deserve special attention from policymakers and urban planners in Asian countries.

Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and an increasingly important source of foreign currency that is used to finance economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term and short-term relationships between tourism and economic growth in Iran, by using annual data covering the 1985-2013 period and autoregressive distributed lag and the Error Correction model to examine the relationships between variables. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in the long term and short term. The result indicate that there is also positive relationship between the real effective exchange rate (REER), foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. The Granger causality test shows a bidirectional causality running between tourism expenditure and economic growth.

Climate change is an additional pressure on top of the many (fishing pressure, loss of habitat, pollution, disturbance, introduced species) which fish stocks already experience. The impact of climate change must be evaluated in the context of other anthropogenic pressures, which often have much greater and more immediate effect. Factors that can shape climate are climate changes. These include such processes as variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth's orbit, mountain-building and continental drift, and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond slowly in reaction to climate changes because of their large mass. Therefore, the climate system can take centuries or longer to fully respond to new external changes.Many of the studies made assumptions about changes in baseline socioeconomic conditions, adaptation, and biophysical processes. Almost all of the studies we examined estimated that there will be increasing adverse impacts beyond an approximate 3 to 4°C increase in global mean temperature. The studies do not show a consistent relationship between impacts and global mean temperatures between 0 and 3 to 4°C. In coastal resources it is clear that impacts will be adverse with low levels of temperature change.

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This study examines the causal relationships between tourism, physical capital, human capital, household consumption expenditure and economic growth for the period 1981-2014 using Structural Breaks tests, Autoregressive Lag (Distributed A.R.D.L.) approach and Granger causality test. There is one cointegrating relationship between these variables, while the V.E.C.M. comprises both a short-and long-run relation. Tourism has a negative impact on Iranian's economic growth both in the short-and longrun. The results showed there is unidirectional causality running from international tourism to economic growth. Our findings have also empirically verified the presence of the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis (T.L.G.H.) in Iran. Tourism could be an effective substance for the growth of the Iranian economy. They showed that tourism is in part an endogenous growth process, requiring a systematic allocation of resources to sustain its development for local and regional economies. ARTICLE HISTORY