IntroductionAmong the controversies in reproduction science, role of immune and inflammatory systems in implantation process and durability of pregnancy is a hot topic nowadays. Some researchers and practitioners believe that administration of drugs such as prednisolone, aspirin or heparin can improve success rate of implantation and pregnancy through inhibiting coagulation, inflammatory and immune systems; while others believe that such systems not only do not have negative effect on rejecting blastocyst and embryo by itself but also are necessary for implantation and remodeling of uterine spiral arteries through secreting adhesive and angiogenic factors. Such controversies are proposed both in natural pregnancies resulting in spontaneous abortion as well as in successful and/or unsuccessful assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as having 3 or more history of abortion (1). About the other issue, some researchers and practitioners are grumbling of low success rate of ARTs like in vitro fertilization (IVF). Infertility is a problem for 10%-15% of couples; most of which -but not all -require ART (2). The average fertilization rate of ART in previous researches has been reported about 30% (3) and this report is for 1998. It has been claimed in an article published in 2015 that this rate has improved in the recent decade (4). Even though at the first glance this rate seems low, but the interesting point is that in the claim of a valid reference (5) the chance of natural pregnancy for each intercourse per month does not go up more than 33%. Also this number has been reported in some studies up to 40% (6). Thus, we should not be grumbling of the low fertilization rate of ARTs. Finally we intend to represent and report our insights, reasoning and suggestions in the present review. MethodsThis systematic and critical review includes investigation of scientific data bases and tracing the citations and the references of the articles in order to find the root of the truth. Through this wisdom, we showed the mere that a content proposed in an indexed article is not a reason that this content is valid and able to be cited. Indeed, the researcher should regard and notice the reasoning, citations and protocol of his/her references during the literature review. This is the benefit point of systematic review rather than holistic and narrative reviews. Since some data were few, the time period of publications was not important to us. As the searching strategy, we used the Web of Science Core Collection and Google Scholar for finding articles other than ISI-WOS and the tracing mentioned in the above paragraph. Results and DiscussionRole of Immune System and Leukocytes In 2015, Ghafourian et al (1) by measuring the level of natural killer-cells (NKs) in blood of the RSA and the control group concluded that RSA patients in normal (non-preg- AbstractAmong the controversies about reproduction sciences, role of immune and inflammatory systems in implantation process and durability of...
Background: Coxiella burnetii is the cause of Q fever. There is no adequate information about Q fever in rural pregnant women in Iran. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection among rural pregnant women with historical contact with livestock in Khorramabad (western Iran). Methods: This cross-sectional was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 on 184 samples collected randomly from rural pregnant women who referred to clinical laboratories and health centers in Khorramabad. The data were examined using indirect ELISA assay kits for the detection of C. burnetii phase II human antibodies in their serum samples. Results: Of 184 serum samples of rural pregnant women, 89 (48.4%) were positive, 76 (41.3%) negative, and 19 (10.3%) suspected. In addition, there was a significant relationship between age, pregnancy, abortion, and the location of the village relative to the city. The results suggested that more positive samples were observed in women that lived in the eastern villages of Khorramabad city; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P value = 0.535). Conclusions:The present study demonstrated the high seroprevalence of C. burnetii in rural pregnant women, which necessitates preventing the unwanted side effects of the disease. Rural pregnant women should pay more attention to the disease and its dangerous effects.
Objective: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and PCOS risk in the 120 newly-diagnosed cases of PCOS and 120 healthy controls aged between 18-45 years in Khorramabad of Iran. Results: Energy intake was significantly more in PCOS patients (p=0.01) and these people were less active than control women (p=0.001). The mean ± SD of DII in PCOS patients was 0.4±2.09 while it was 0.45±1.92 in control group (p=0.001). There was a positive association between increasing DII score and the risk of PCOS with the OR of 2.41(1.15, 5.02) in the crude model when we compared the fourth quartile with the lowest one. This association was still significant in several models after adjusting for age and energy intake in the model 1 (P- value for trend=0.001), in the second model and after adjusting for the level of activity, education, and family history of PCOS along with the first model (P- value for trend 0.003), and finally after additional adjustment for BMI in model 3 (P- value for trend 0.003). Results of present study showed that consuming more pro-inflammatory diets with higher DII scores are associated with increased risk of PCOS.
Background Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is well-known as one of the most widespread parasitic diseases, which has now infected nearly a third of the world's population. Among the infectious agents, T. gondii is considered as one of the main causes of spontaneous abortion (SA). The present study aimed to use the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique in comparison with serological tests to determine the rate of T. gondii infection in women suffering from SA in Lorestan Province, Western Iran. Methods A total of 140 women suffering from their first spontaneous abortion and who had been referred to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Asalian hospital (Khorramabad, Iran) were included in this study. The collected aborted fetal remains and blood samples (5 ml) from each patient were examined in sterilized conditions using the LAMP technique and ELISA commercial kits to determine the specific IgM and IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies respectively. Moreover, a questionnaire about some demographic and risk factors, such as the mother’s age, gestational age, and contact with cats was completed for each patient. Results Of the 140 women, 80 (57.1%) tested seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies by ELISA, 72 (51.4%) women tested seropositive for the IgG antibody, 8 (5.7%) tested seropositive for the IgM antibody. Among the 8 women who’d had their first spontaneous abortion who tested seropositive for IgM antibody by ELISA, only 5 cases (62.5%) reported positively to the LAMP test. The difference in the frequency distribution of the LAMP results for measuring the Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women under study was statistically significant (P <0.001) from the results of the serological test (ELISA). Although there was a significant difference between age and positivity in the LAMP test (P = 0.017), no significant difference was observed between positivity in the LAMP test and residence, education, job, and contact with cats. Conclusion The findings of the present investigation suggest that LAMP is a preferred method for determining Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women suffering from spontaneous abortion compared with other routine serological tests.
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