Conventional phase-shifting transformers (PST) have been utilized for power flow control in transmission networks for many years. Compared to the slow reacting PSTs, recently trending unified power flow controllers (UPFC) enable much faster power flow control. This paper introduces a decentralized power flow control scheme for power flow controllers (PFCs) without the need for communication between the PFCs. For each PFC, an influence area is defined. The line loading of the transmission lines in this influence area is monitored in real-time operation and if there is an overloading of a line, a feedback control scheme is used to mitigate the overloading of the line. As the power flow control of UPFC is dependent of the network topology and the UPFC converter limit, additional control measures are introduced to circumvent potential critical scenarios. Supplementary control measures are also developed to increase the robustness of control scheme for the simultaneous operation of UPFC with slow reacting PST. Using RMS simulation in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, the developed control method is validated in the IEEE 68-Bus NETS/NYPS test bench network. The method is also validated for UPFCs with overlapping influence areas and the combination of fast acting UPFCs and slow acting PST devices.
Our proposed system offers a smart internet weather system that makes it possible to report meteorological parameters on the Internet. It allows people to directly check weather statistics online without the need of a weather forecast agency. The system uses temperature, humidity as well as rain sensor to monitor weather conditions and provide live reports of weather statistics. The system continuously monitors temperature using a temperature sensor, humidity using a humidity sensor and also rain. The system constantly transmits this data to the microcontroller, which now processes this data and continues to transmit it to the online web server via a Wi-Fi connection. This data is updated live for viewing on the online server system. The system also allows the user to set alerts for special cases, the system provides alerts to the user if the weather parameters exceed these values. The IOT-based weather analysis and reporting system provides an efficient Online-based weather reporting system for users.
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