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Here, the magnetohydrodynamic flow of second grade nanomaterials over a stretching sheet is discussed. Mathematical modeling incorporates the Buongiorno model. Significant mechanisms, i.e. Brownian movement and thermophoresis effects are retained. The further impact of Joule heating, viscous dissipation and nonlinear thermal radiation are also discussed. Physical features of the entropy generation rate in nanomaterials are the main focus of this analysis. Dimensionless variables are introduced to model the physical problem mathematically. The obtained systems are then tackled by means of an optimal homotopic algorithm. The effects of various pertinent flow variables on velocity, concentration, temperature, entropy optimization rate and Bejan number are interpreted. Our analysis indicates that entropy is enhanced via higher estimation of the Reynolds number, radiation parameter and magnetic parameter. Furthermore, the Bejan number reflects enhanced behavior against the radiation parameter. A comparative study is also provided to validate our present outcomes.

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BackgroundNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most deadly diseases of poultry around the globe. The disease is endemic in Pakistan and recurrent outbreaks are being reported regularly in wild captive, rural and commercial poultry flocks. Though, efforts have been made to characterize the causative agent in some of parts of the country, the genetic nature of strains circulating throughout Pakistan is currently lacking.Material and methodsTo ascertain the genetics of NDV, 452 blood samples were collected from 113 flocks, originating from all the provinces of Pakistan, showing high mortality (30–80%). The samples represented domesticated poultry (broiler, layer and rural) as well as wild captive birds (pigeons, turkeys, pheasants and peacock). Samples were screened with real-time PCR for both matrix and fusion genes (1792 bp), positive samples were subjected to amplification of full fusion gene and subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsThe deduced amino acid sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site indicated the presence of motif (112RK/RQRR↓F117) typical for velogenic strains of NDV. Phylogenetic analysis of hypervariable region of the fusion gene indicated that all the isolates belong to lineage 5 of NDV except isolates collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. A higher resolution of the phylogenetic analysis of lineage 5 showed the distribution of Pakistani NDV strains to 5b. However, the isolates from KPK belonged to lineage 4c; the first report of such lineage from this province.ConclusionsTaken together, data indicated the prevalence of multiple lineages of NDV in different poultry population including wild captive birds. Such understanding is crucial to underpin the nature of circulating strains of NDV, their potential for interspecies transmission and disease diagnosis and control strategies.