Background Both ADHD and learning disorders have been found to be associated with executive dysfunctions; the executive functions’ (EFs) construct generally involves a series of components—planning, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, attention control, and verbal and visuo-spatial working memory—that work independently in many ways but are closely related. There were no significant studies comparing both disorders and excluding the drug’s effects on executive functions. In our study, we used BDEFS-CA to assess executive functions among a sample of 340 children divided in to four groups: group 1 (100 children), ADHD only; group II (80 children), LD only; group III (60 children), combined ADHD and LD; and group IV (100 children), control group. We included children aged from 6 to 13 of both sexes of average IQ and all had to be drug naive with no sensory impairment or disabling neurological disorder and after their parents’ consent. Results The results showed that there was significant higher affection of the five executive functions domains in the first three groups more than the fourth control group. Furthermore, the self-restraint (response-inhibition) executive dysfunction was the most commonly affected EF in group I while time management EF and self-regulation and problem solving EF were the most commonly affected EF in the LD group. Conclusions Complete executive function profile assessment should be done for children diagnosed with ADHD or learning disability and EF intervention program should be included in the management plan for better outcomes mainly self-restraint EF in case of ADHD and problem solving and self-organization EF in case of learning disabilities
Background While executive dysfunctions are present abundantly in children with psychiatric and developmental disorders, unfortunately, it is significantly underdiagnosed in Arab countries due to the lack of Arabic executive functions diagnostic scales. To our knowledge, there is no available Arabic rating scale for assessing executive functions in children and adolescents till this moment except for BRIEF-2 which excluded anyone with a mental, learning, developmental, or medical disorder constituting unfortunately 25% of the general population. Our paper describes the translation and validation of an Arabic version of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale - Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA) (long form). The translation was done using the forward-backward method and the study population for validation included 60 parents of children of age 6–13 years. Results Reliability of the scale domains was evident in Arabic showing high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha from 0.93 to 0.97 scores over the five domains). These values were close to the original English version which is 0.95 to 0.97. Conclusion The reliability of the Arabic version of BDEFS-CA was adequate making it a valuable instrument for executive function assessment in Arabic children and adolescents.
Background: For decades, the negative impact of childhood adversity and maltreatment has been limited to the immediate harm and injuries. Recently, several studies connected child maltreatment with further long-term consequences in childhood, adolescents and adulthood among them psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Objectives: We aimed at determining the association between psychiatric consequences and different types of child maltreatment among adolescents between 12-18 years, exploring the role of Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2254298) in moderating the relation between different types of child maltreatment and psychiatric consequences and to examine the relation between childhood abuse and global DNA methylation. Methodology: A case-control study was carried out on 90 children aged between 12-18 years divided equally into two groups; cases suffering from psychiatric illness and attending child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics at Al-Hadara University Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt and controls recruited from different outpatient clinics at Alexandria university hospitals. Results: A significant difference was detected between cases and controls regarding four types of child maltreatment; physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse and neglect. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was detected between these four maltreatment types and depressive symptoms detected by children depression inventory (CDI) and total scale of child behavior checklist (CBCL). However, no significant interaction between OXTR gene SNP rs2254298 and child maltreatment in the prediction of depressive symptoms and total scale of CDI and CBCL, respectively. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was detected between the means of global DNA methylation and three types of child maltreatment: physical abuse and emotional abuse and neglect.
Introduction:Female sexual dysfunction is a common problem with detrimental effects on woman's quality of life. It also has an economical and societal impact. It is defined as disorders of sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and sexual pain which lead to personal distress.Aim:The study was planned to determine the prevalence and determinants of female sexual dysfunction in women attending family health centers clinics in Alexandria.Methods:Totally, 369 women aged 18–59 years were interviewed while they were attending Family Health Centers FHCs in Alexandria. Data were collected by personal interview in a questionnaire format in addition to physical examination (when allowed).Main Outcome Measures:Arabic version of Female Sexual Function Index (ArFSFI) was used to evaluate sexual function.Results:The mean age of women was 29.62 ± 6.14 years. 73.4% of women had one or more sexual problems; however, 22.1% of the women with sexual problems were not distressed by these issues. We found that 66.4% of women had desire disorder, 52.6% of women had arousal disorder, 49.3% of women had lubrication disorder, 45% of women had orgasm disorder, 34.4% had dissatisfaction and 42% of women had pain disorder. The mean FSFI score was found to be 24.73 ± 4.75 out of a maximum total score of 36. The main domain scores were: desire 3.64 ± 0.75, arousal 3.92 ± 0.91, lubrication 4.35 ± 0.99, orgasm 4.17 ± 1.19, satisfaction 4.51 ± 1.26 and pain 4.15 ± 1.21 out of a maximum domain score of six.Conclusions:FSD is a highly prevalent problem within the scope of this study. Age of marriage, duration of marriage, high parity, female genital mutilation (FGM) and presence of partner sexual dysfunction were found to be significantly associated with low sexual function in Egyptian women.
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