We show that adjusting the reaction rate in a hot injection synthesis is a viable strategy to tune the diameter of colloidal nanocrystals at the end of the size distribution focusing, i.e., the postfocused diameter. The approach is introduced by synthesis simulations, which describe nucleation and growth of colloidal nanocrystals from a solute or monomer that is formed in situ out of the injected precursors. These simulations indicate that the postfocused diameter is reached at almost full yield and that it can be adjusted by the rate of monomer formation. We implement this size-tuning strategy using a particular CdSe quantum dot synthesis that shows excellent agreement with the model synthesis. After demonstrating that the reaction rate depends in first order on the Cd and Se precursor concentration, the proposed strategy of size control is explored by varying the precursor concentration. This enables the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals with a predefined size at almost full yield and sharp size distributions. In addition, we demonstrate that the same tuning strategy applies to the synthesis of CdS quantum dots. This result is highly relevant especially in the context of reaction upscaling and automation. Moreover, the results obtained challenge the traditional interpretation of the hot injection synthesis, in particular the link between hot injection, burst nucleation, and sharp size distributions.

Various literature studies show that increasing the concentration of free acid in the hot injection synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals raises the diameter of the resulting nanocrystals. We analyze this reaction chemistry/nanocrystal property relation by combining reaction simulations with an experimental study on a particular CdSe nanocrystal synthesis. We find that increasing the free acid concentration has the same effect on a real synthesis as raising the solute solubility in the simulations. Both lead to larger sizes and a deterioration of the size dispersion at constant reaction rate. Since free acids are used to coordinate the cation precursors in these syntheses, this leads to a meaningful link between a parameter in reaction simulations and the composition of an experimental reaction mixture. We thus explain the increase of the nanocrystal size with the acid concentration as resulting from an enhanced consumption of the solute by nanocrystal growth, which reduces the number of nanocrystals formed. This link between a simulation parameter and the composition of the reaction mixture provides a rational basis to further explore and understand reaction chemistry/nanocrystal property relations in the hot injection synthesis.

Quantum dots are ideally suited for color conversion in light emitting diodes owing to their spectral tunability, high conversion efficiency and narrow emission bands. These properties are particularly important for display backlights; the highly saturated colors generated by quantum dots justify their higher production cost. Here, we demonstrate the benefits of a hybrid remote phosphor approach that combines a green-emitting europium-doped phosphor with red-emitting CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots. Different stacking geometries, including mixed and separate layers of both materials, are studied at the macroscopic and microscopic levels to identify the configuration that achieves maximum device efficiency while minimizing material usage. The influence of reabsorption, optical outcoupling and refractive index-matching between the layers is evaluated in detail with respect to device efficiency and cost. From the findings of this study, general guidelines are derived to optimize both the cost and efficiency of CdSe/CdS and other (potentially cadmium-free) quantum dot systems. When reabsorption of the green and/or red emission is significant compared to the absorption strength for the blue emission of the pumping light emitting diode, the hybrid remote phosphor approach becomes beneficial.

octylamine (90%, Merck). Acetone, chloroform, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol and toluene were all of analytical grade. All chemicals and solvents were used without further purification.

We investigate the relation between the chain length of ligands used and the size of the nanocrystals formed in the hot injection synthesis. With two different CdSe nanocrystal syntheses, we consistently find that longer chain carboxylic acids result in smaller nanocrystals with improved size dispersions. By combining a more in-depth experimental investigation with kinetic reaction simulations, we come to the conclusion that this size tuning is due to a change in the diffusion coefficient and the solubility of the solute. The relation between size tuning by the ligand chain length and the coordination of the solute by the ligands is further explored by expanding the study to amines and phosphine oxides. In line with the weak coordination of CdSe nanocrystals by amines, no influence of the chain length on the nanocrystals is found, whereas the size tuning brought about by phosphine oxides can be attributed to a solubility change. We conclude that the ligand chain length provides a practical handle to optimize the outcome of a hot injection synthesis in terms of size and size dispersion and can be used to probe the interaction between ligands and the actual solute.