The aim of this study was to assess plasma biochemistry parameters with the potential of being used as indicators of the nutritional status for healthy gilthead seabream juveniles. Triplicate groups of 18 seabream (body weight of 58 g) were kept unfed for 24 h, 7 or 14 days. Nine fish per treatment were then sampled randomly for blood collection and the following parameters analyzed in the plasma using standard clinical methods: glucose; protein; triglycerides; cholesterol; calcium; magnesium; inorganic phosphorus; alkaline phosphatase (ALP); aspartate aminotransferase (AST); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT); creatine phosphokinase (CPK); and lipase. Biochemical parameters showed lower variability among individuals than did enzymatic parameters. Plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels were inversely related to the duration of starvation. On the contrary, plasma triglycerides decreased significantly during the first week of starvation and remained stable in the second week. Plasma ALP, AST and LDH decreased significantly after 1 week of starvation and then remained constant. In healthy seabream juveniles, plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, calcium and inorganic phosphorus are responsive to starvation and may be useful indicators of the nutritional status of the animals. Indicative baseline reference values for gilthead seabream juveniles starved for 24 h and held at optimum temperature are: protein, 3.7-4.9 g dl À1 ; cholesterol, 341-407 mg dl À1 ; calcium, 13.1-8.0 mg dl À1 ; and inorganic phosphorus, 10-14.2 mg dl À1 . Plasma triglycerides, along with plasma enzyme activities, may be useful as indicators of short term starvation. For these parameters baseline values after 1 week of starvation were: triglycerides: 138-230 mg dl À1 ; ALP: 58-125 U L À1 ; AST: 15-127 U L À1 ; and LDH 61-677 U L À1 . Plasma glucose is only responsive to longer starvation periods, remaining relatively stable during the first week of starvation, and ranging from 59 to 196 mg dl À1 . U.S.

This study was carried out to establish biochemical parameters with potential diagnostic value to assess the nutritional status of healthy seabass. For that purpose, triplicate groups of seabass juveniles were submitted to different feeding protocols: fed for 14 days; fed for 7 days followed by 7 days of fasting or fasted for 14 days. At the end of the trial, body, liver and viscera were randomly sampled for proximate composition analysis. Blood was also collected and the following plasma parameters were analyzed by standard clinical methods: glucose; cholesterol; triglycerides; protein; inorganic phosphorus; calcium; magnesium; alkaline phosphatase (ALP); aspartate aminotransferase; lactate dehydrogenase; creatine phosphokinase and lipase. No major effect of feed deprivation on body composition, visceral index, perivisceral and hepatic lipid content were observed, whereas hepatosomatic index and hepatic glycogen were reduced. Previous feeding conditions strongly influenced the plasma parameters in seabass. Comparatively to the fed group, plasma glucose, cholesterol and calcium levels were reduced after 2 weeks of fasting while plasma triglycerides, protein, inorganic phosphorus and ALP attained minimum levels after 1 week of fasting. Overall, enzymatic activity parameters showed higher variability than biochemistry parameters. In conclusion, during short-term starvation (<14 days) hepatic energy depots were extensively mobilized while perivisceral and body lipids reserves were preserved. Among measured parameters, plasma protein, triglycerides, inorganic phosphorus and ALP seem to have potential as predicative diagnostic tools to assess the nutritional status of seabass and may be useful to monitor feeding practices in aquaculture. Further studies are, however, required to extend results of this study to other fish size classes.

The aim of this study was to analyze Portuguese expert coaches' conceptions of learning sources that promote long-term coach development and the extent to which these sources are currently present in coach education programs. Six expert coaches were individually interviewed, using a semistructured format and the interviews were analyzed using QSR N6 Nudist software. The results highlighted the participants' awareness of the uniqueness of coach education, emphasizing the importance of reflecting and engaging with a variety of learning experiences. Findings also revealed dissatisfaction with the current dominant education framework in Portugal, which remains excessively didactic and classroom-orientated. In contrast, the participants externalized a constructivist approach for coach education assuming the need for theoretical knowledge to be framed in practical contexts, where they have the opportunity to share and reflect their own and others' experiences to develop learning. Such a position echoes Sfard's acquisition and participation learning metaphors.

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The coaches featured in this study were found to carefully and strategically consider their actions and behaviors; particularly concerning the generation of others' compliance and respect. Consequently, in giving further credence to the notions of power, social obligation, and the flexible scaffolding of learning, the findings support the notion that the concept of orchestration deserves further exploration and development in order to better understand the coach's role.